The Literary Criticism of D. H. Lawrence Essay Example

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The Johns Hopkins University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Sewanee Review. http://www. jstor. org THE LITERARY CRITICISM OF D. H. LAWRENCE REN? WELLEK is an extreme irrationalist. He wants to Lawrence release us from the horrid grip of the evil-smelling DH. old Logos; he detests abstract philosophy, the particularly to blood-conscious he constantly Kant; beastly appeals to the solar to the consciousness, ness, phallic plexus, for the instinctive, the sub dark gods? so many metaphors intuitive. and the utterly conscious, Literary spontaneous criticism seems to have no chance whatever, rence was a radical and intelligent critic of industrial civiliza tion, traditional sexual morality, and human relationships in general. though Law Still, in 1937, F. R. We will write a custom essay sample on The Literary Criticism of D. H. Lawrence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Literary Criticism of D. H. Lawrence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Literary Criticism of D. H. Lawrence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Leavis could call him the finest lit erary critic of our time? a great literary critic if ever there one. The one book of was lished during his lifetime, Studies in Classic American Lit in 1943 as erature (1923), was praised by Edmund Wilson one of the now few first-rate books admired not power Literary do that have ever been written literary criticism Lawrence pub on the subject; and in the late 1950s Lionel Trilling Studies, outrageous intellect, universally It will book. and creed. than and understood, to underrate called a great, Lawrences shrewdness, of pungent formulation. Actually ment can of an be is concept age-old of literary criticism a harsh attack is a good restate he the tells us in criticism, account of Phoenix, introducing no more be on John Galsworthy, feeling pro a reasoned duced upon the critic by the book he is criticizing. can never science a science: The it is, in the first touchstone place, much not Criticism too per sonal, and in the second, ignores. it is c oncerned is emotion, with values reason. that We a work of art by its effect on our sincere and vital judge emotion, and nothing else. A critic must be able to feel the a art in all its complexity and its force. impact of work of REN? WELLEK 599 A critic must lectually morally capable very be emotionally alive in every fibre, intel and skilful in essential logic, and then Sainte-Beuve remains to him a great honest. critic who has the courage to admit what he feels, as well as ex the flexibility to know what he feels. Here Lawrence plicitly recognizes the role of the intellect and even of logic while still reserving first place for an instinctive taste or in voiced his opinions vividly, sometimes truculently but often In Our Time the short reviews of Hemingways perceptively: and of Dos Passoss Manhattan Transfer, the introductions to sight. In many contexts, in letters and in reviews, Lawrence Bottom translations of Verga and to Edward Dahlbergs on H. G. Wellss World and even the demolition Dogs, jobs (all collected in of William Clissold and on John Galsworthy are good traditional criticism. The World of Wil Phoenix) liam Clissold is all chewed-up newspaper, and chewed-up scientific reports, like a mouses nest. Lawrence and retells with comic indignation, for instance, The Apple Tree vulgar to show sentimen The tele I con bits up Galsworthys talism. Lawrence novel scope pher, class-bound snobbery view has a grand of the novelists mission. s a great far greater than Galileos discovery: or a novelist, elses wireless. somebody Being sider myself and here superior to the saint, the scientist, who are all great masters the philoso of man the alive, but never the poet, of different get the whole hog. Whole hog means total man? soul, and body? from which mind, or should so that he can cause creates create . . . The on the ether. as a tremulation tremulations novel man can make can the whole alive tremble. The novel help us to live, as it reveals else can: all art, (as does nothing man the relation between and his circumam presumably) at the is the moment. The novel bient universe, living high est of subtle inter-relatedness that man has discov example reasons Lawrence the relation ered. For obvious pondered novelist to morality and specifically to pornography. He of overt moralizing. Morality is that delicate, disapproved for ever trembling and changing balance between me and my of the novel 600 circumambient LITERARY CRITICISM while OF D. H. LAWRENCE universe; as if the novelist put his thumb in the scale, to ? is pull down the balance to his own predilection? and that is for Lawrence immorality. He admits that the novel is not, as a oralizing? tendentiousness rule, immoral because the novelist has any dominant idea, or purpose. The immorality lies in the novelists helpless, un conscious predilect ion, blood-and-thunder novels, in sentimental in smart cynical sweet novels, novels, in any in art that falsifies reality and real relationships. He agrees that every work of art adheres to some system of morality. But if it be really a work of art, it must contain the essential criticism on the morality to which it adheres. Lawrence was understandably much concerned with freeing the novel from prudish restraints in sexual matters. We all know of his post humous victory in England. The trial, in 1960, of Lady Chat a terleys Lover broke the taboo on four-letter words with vengeance, but Lawrence himself in Pornography and Ob scenity and in his spirited defense A propos Lady Chat terleys sor Lover9 was eager to make a distinction . . . it, he between pornography and frank depiction of sex. Even I would Pornography remarks, cen is the genuine rigorously. pornography, to insult sex, to do dirt on attempt whereas (he argues) his own fiction does away with tality and obscenity. Lawrence professes no interest in the both critical sentimen widdle twaddle about style and form, and he ridiculed Clive Bells term significant form. He disapproved of the craving for form in the novel after Flaubert and singled out Thomas Mann as the last sick sufferer from the complaint of Flau identifies Aschenbach, bert. Oddly enough Lawrence aged in Manns Death in Venice, with Thomas Mann fifty-three and sees Mann as old and superannuate d, though he was in 1913. Even Madame Bovary seems thirty-eight years old tome dead in respect to the living rhythm of the whole work. The maxim nothing outside of the definite line of the book seems to him stultifying: the uman mind cannot fix abso a living being. He thus lutely any definite line of action for defends a loose organic form: We need an apparent form REN? WELLEK definite saying form that is mechanical. every work of art He has 601 sounds almost its own form, lessness, Crocean, which has no relationship with any other form and which the admits the existence of no other form. He defended of Sons and Lovers by saying: All rules of construc form tion hold good only for novels which are copies of other novels. A book which is not a copy of other books has its own construction. He argued, parrying objections to the first ver sion of The Rainbow (then caned The Wedding Ring), You inmy novel for the old stable ego? of mustnt look the char acter. There individual allotropi e been used gle radically to whose action the according as it were, and passes unrecognisable, through, a sense than any weve states which it needs deeper are states of the same to exercise, to discover sin ego, is unchanged element. is another novel and the concept of rejection of the well-made fluid form and indeterminable character sound like unique defenses of the innovations that could loosely be called mod ernism. Lawrence was also a strong advocate of free verse. The But this is deceptive. Lawrence detested psychologizing the mentalities of Proust. In a jeering attack that self-important lumps Dorothy Richardson, Proust, and Joyce together, he accuses them of preoccupation with petty trivialities. Did I feel a twinge in my little toe, or didnt I? asks every char acter of Mr. Joyce or It of Miss Richardson or M. Proust; Joyce and Miss Richardson the finest to be threads. absorbedly really self-conscious. strip their smallest emotions to a certain is childish, after In a letter Lawrence ge, com plains more violently of an installment of Finnegans Wake in transition: My God, what a clumsy olla p? trida James of quota Joyce is! Nothing but old fags and cabbage-stumps tions from the Bible and the rest, stewed in the juice of de old and hard liberate, journalistic dirty-mindedness? what worked staleness, masquerading as the all-new! In another letter he would-be or real says: and James Joyce b ores me utterly fictional stiff? too terribly done-on-purpose, life. Lawrence wanted without characters spontaneity and books to be alive, to be quick. Quick, he tried to explain, means 602 LITERARY CRITICISM OF D. H. LAWRENCE [the man the other phallus, fuchsias, F? rsters the live in the novel] must have things trains, silk-hats, stars, round character ideas, and in the novel: cats, God, flat is snow, sorrow, a quick bed-bugs, people, relatedness sunshine, food, to all the paper. But this does not get us much characters. the always tooth-paste, lightning, diphtheria, and toilet further than E. M. in Lawrence, In practice, man or woman. instinctual All novelists are phallic worshippers. From Balzac to Hardy, it is so. Nay, from Apuleius to E. M. Forster. Yet all of them, when it comes to their philosophy, or what they think-they are, they are all crucified Jesuses. They all suffer from this duplicity of overt and latent meaning. This sense of the double bottom, of the subtext, the latent all of Lawrences meaning, pervades the unmaskers, that convinced the criticism. conscious He is one of of intentions the artist may run counter to his deeply contrast is an old idea in criticism: well gels, prominent in such diverse unrelated felt allegiances. This known to the Schle critics as Dobrolyu bov in Russia and De Sanctis in Italy, and used by Engels in his famous etter on Balzac. It is memorably formulated in Studies in Classic American Literature: by Lawrence trust the tale. The function Never the artist. Trust proper a critic is to save the tale from the artist who it. created of as version this: The artist, who writes earlier The amplifies a dream, a somnambulist, is in the truth as in spell of pure man and moral the wakeful and contr adicted contravened by sits at the desk. ist who looks for symbols in literature, and he distin guishes them, in the fashion inherited from Goethe via Cole ridge, from allegory. Allegory is narrative description using, Lawrence as a or didactic purpose. Myth lies be nearly always for moral hind the symbols. The images of myth are symbols. They dont ing, mean human something. experience. a rule, to express certain definite images qualities. means is a term in the argument and image something, Each and is a symbol. And the power of the symbol is to arouse the deep emotional self, and the dynamic self, beyond compre stand They A complex for units of of human feel emotional experience REN? WELLEK 603 experience invent hension. ithin invent a Many ages of accumulated No made man up can of still throb can or symbol. an emblem, images: but not symbols. Myth with Lawrence implies a view of history that is often another version of the dissocia tion of sensibility, the growing alienation of man, the artists conflict with society. Sometimes this historical scheme is de rived from Houston Lawrences Steward the wide reading in prehistory, anthro images: He symbols. or metaphors: pology, rison, Africa, and philosophies ascribes or Etruria of history Chamberlain, status of the (in Frobenius, nd many primeval Jane Har others); the now scheme to a mythical Atlantis, a fanciful Mexico, wholeness the same society is assigned to the Mid decayed. dle Ages? the grandiose, violent past of the Middle Ages ? or to the old peasant civilization, in Sicily or Sar simply or the old English countryside before industrialization. dinia, Sometimes it is thought of simply as a decay of wholesome sketches a history of English poetry in sexuality. Lawrence was terms. Chaucer these and fearless, but lovely Shake is already morbid with the fear of sexuality. Drink speare to me only with thine eyes, sings the cavalier (as if Ben Sometimes consciousness The cavalier). physical in Burns. the Wo rdsworth, Keats, song gives Shelley, all are post-mortem Swinburne and Wilde Brontes, poets. tried to start a revival from the mental field? meaning Jonson had been a last a that they, like the French reviving symbolists, were But Lawrence intellectuals wrote of self Swin consciously burne: the I put him with sexuality. us. Shelley as our greatest as destined poet. He is last fiery Lawrence spirit among conceives of himself o reconstitute this original unity of man, to reconcile the mind and body, to establish the proper harmony between male and female? not necessarily the biological sexes, but (in a theory clearly to whom he alludes) as poles derived from Otto Weininger, between which every individual takes or rather has to take an intermediate position. This scheme of sexual psychology, combined with the scheme of history, which is not just primi tivism but a utopia of rebirth, becomes the main standard 604 LITERARY CRITICISM OF D. H. LAWRENCE by which he judges books and charac ters in books. Char acters are frequently discussed without any regard to their function in a book, simply as human beings living today whom he examines for their morals and asks for right be havior in a situation the content abstracted of a book from the book. Literary criti cism breaks down. Lawrence stroys simply allegorizes books, de and uses these allegories to expound his own ideology. This practice comes out clearly in his discussions of Tol sees itmerely as preted when Lawrence displaying Anna and unable to live in the pride of their sincere passion, Vronsky and spit inMother Grundys eye. This judgment is repeated several prets Anna times Tolstoys and motto is made worse when is mine: Lawrence I shall misinter repay, as Vengeance stoy and Dostoevsky. Anna Karenina is grossly misinter or the pattern of a writers mind, if Tolstoy demned identified with the vulgar divine social condemnation Lawrence of con the discon the later ascetic Tolstoy, exaggerating the early and the late stages, opposi ng the tinuity between sensuous with philosopher of understanding a very nauseating man the younger Christian-brother to and Vronsky punishment. marvellous the hood idea of himself. But Lawrence disliked even War and with that fat, Peace, calling it downright dishonourable, diluted Pierre for a hero, and with more justification he spoke dead of Prince Nekhlyudov as lumber. in Resurrection as a muff, as Dostoevsky the violence is treated with of Lawrences embittered hostility. must be Some of ascribed pronouncements to his distaste for Middleton Murrys exaltation of Dostoev and the Russians sky, to the whole English cult of Dostoevsky war years; but essentially it ismotivated by Law during the rences contempt and for Dostoevskys religion, which a he sus pected Crime of hypocrisy. Punishment The is early a tract, letters vary a treatise, in stridency: pamphlet. Lawrence did not care for The Possessed: Nobody was pos sessed enough really to interest me. They bore me, these squirming sorts of people: they teem like insects. But the same letter attempts a reasonable classification of Dostoev REN? WELLEK 605 skys characters according to their will and a criticism of what might be called his angelism. The whole point of Dostoev sky lies in the fact of his fixed will that the individual ego, the achieved I, the conscious entity, shall be infinite, God like, this and is absolved as phrased a introvert, purely . e. free. Even from all relation, a condemnation. was Dostoevsky was not will? there disintegrating earlier a pure a grain of the passion of evil. of love within become, him? all now, the passion a supreme of hate, wicked It has I think, ness to set up a Christ worship as Dostoevsky did: it is the an evil will, disguising in terms of love. outcome of itself God and S adism, he is foul. Most ex Dostoevsky, mixing are called travagantly Dostoevskys books and Murrys on him stuff. offal, putrid more drastic Even a rotten was Dostoevsky is this: like Dostoevsky, little the stinker. can rest, nicely stick his head between the feet of Christ, his behind in the air. A poem sums it up: the Judas, Dostoevsky, with his sham Christianity ruined epileptically the last bit of sanity left in the hefty bodies of the Russian nobility. Now Its Happened, Pansies When Lawrence was induced to write a and waggle (1929) preface to The Grand Inquisitor (1930), he assumed a calm tone, retelling its point completely. the legend, but misreading Dostoevsky correct you. And Jesus in the end gives the kiss of acquies cence to the Inquisitor. Jesus kisses the Inquisitor: Thank you, you are right, wise old man! But surely Jesus Christ does not accept the arguments of the Grand Inquisitor. He answers them in the only way supposedly says there: Jesus, you are inadequate. Men must silence and forgiveness. The Inquisitor is refuted by ? by the kiss. Alyosha immediately afterwards kisses Ivan, forgiv ing him his atheism, answering his revolt with Christian religion can answer atheism 606 love. Ivan LITERARY knows CRITICISM this when OF D. H. LAWRENCE he Thats says: You stole it from my poem. The rest of the novel? Father Zossima, Brother Markel, the conclusion with Alyosha prom other (as do Dostoevskys ising the boys immortality? testifies fictional and journalistic) to the correctness of this writings, interpretation What Chekhov This can and one the wrongheadedness Lawrence writer and the of Lawrences, writes a in a which, letter was meant that a plagiarism. surprisingly, has been echoed widely. say when is a second-rate against of the willy Russian greatest enormous amount Tolstoy, now wet-leg? writers they had revulsion after denial, to Lawrence all, earlier: of tered almost more greatest writers Turgenev, han all time. anything, But and I thought he realized Dostoievsky? mat them the a certain insensitive crudity and thick, uncivilised, stupidity about them. He deplored their self-consciousness, their probings into the soul. That is almost the whole of Russian literature: the place phenomenal people. common coruscations of the souls of quite . . . Thats are so the Russians why popular. Every character in Dostoevsky absolutely or Chekhov thinks himself prefers who un had the terse straightforward who have mer. Rozanov have not no soul He made inwardly a nonesuch, art of Verga writing be hard mong unique. Lawrence about Sicilians got our sort of subjective in our sense of the word. Russian discovered than Verga one it would exception more to imagine: the Russians: recovered consciousness, more Anything save Ho he Vasily for having Rozanov. Reviewing or less Solitaria, he praised the genuine pagan vision, the phallic vision, though he suspects him to kennel. The other book be a pup out of the Dostoievsky then translated, Fallen Leaves, interested him less as just fragments of thought jotted down anywhere and anyhow. Lawrence was realized with something of a shock, . . . ow much finer and purer and more ultimate our own stuff is compared to the writings of the Russians. A long study of Thomas Hardy, all in 1914 but not published until 1936, wanders written happier with his predecessors at home. He REN? WELLEK 607 its author finally novels, some witty over the place but does contain, when tles down to a consideration of the set re telling of the absurd plots of the early novels and good com ment on the role of the setting in The Return of the Native. Lawrence and with the usual rejects Hardys metaphysics, contrast Lawrence ines? Eustacia, between overt and latent that Sue? s meaning thinks that turn hero painful ing to the earth, denies, to landscape, then he the position tragic. is true to himself. of Hardys Necessarily however, and Tes s, itwas, but they were not at war with God, only with Society. . . .And the men killed them, not the judgment judgment of of their own souls or the judgment of Eternal God. There is, he feels, a lack of sternness, there is a hesitating betwixt life and public opinion, which diminishes the Wessex novels from the rank of pure tragedy. But other contexts show that Lawrence actually did not rank tragedy highly. The little poem Tragedy looks tome like man In love with his own defeat. is only a sloppy way of being Which I cant very cared much so care about the woes in love with and yourself. tragedies of Lear and Macbeth they excessively and Hamlet themselves. and Timon: must be taken literally. In a vivid Lake Garda included in Twilight demns the based account of theatricals on con in Italy Lawrence proves of the reconciliation at the end of the Oresteia but finds the final duel in Hamlet merely foolish. Later he re is all sexual: the peats that the real mortal coil in Hamlet young mans horror of his mothers incest, sex s in its concep character of Hamlet repulsive on self-dislike and a spirit of disintegration. He tion, sees Hamlet even far more than Orestes, his prototype, as, a mental Lawrence anti-sensual. creature, ap anti-physical, it a wild and nameless terror which, it seems to me, carrying with it had 608 never LITERARY CRITICISM carried before. In OF D. H. LAWRENCE of all of Lawrences revulsion against his time, he remained a Utopian, hope, who disapproved of tragedy. The terms discussion of Hardys main novels spite full of messianic unfortunately de generates Arabella grated. quickly into a criticism chematic of the main typology. characters For her instance out in of Lawrences Arabella sexual as in Jude the Obscure is not is defended, while made Sue is deni to so coarse be. Sue is not a woman: she had no love for Jude. But how or could Lawrence anybody else know that Arabella? who throws a pigs pizzle at Jude after sticking the pig to bleed it slowly to death and who deserts Jude in total incomprehen sion of his ambition for learning? was less coarse than Hardy as being? Lawrences criticism here and inmany depicted her instances or suffers from a common critical vice: the confusion Hardy of fiction and reality, the use of fiction Similarly preconception. a thesis? or rather several to illustrate a theory theses? on national is imposed on history, and sexual typology psychology, American writing in Studies in Classic American Literature in (1923). The chapters exist in earlier versions published the English Review in 1919 and 1920. These are more sober less less strident in tone, less Carlylese, and straightforward: exclamatory in style, but in also less pungent and The national psychology however, preposterous soul sential American which its wild s at the basis generalizations: stoic, and isolate, seems to me, The a killer; es In impressive. is hard, America, nobody does anything from the blood. Always from the nerves, if not from the mind; Ghastly Americans, with their blood no longer blood. A yellow spiritual fluid; The American has got to destroy. It is his destiny. It is his destiny to destroy the whole corpus of the white psyche, the white consciousness; A merica hurts, because it has a influence upon the white psyche. The Ameri disintegrative are depicted as thinned out, intellec cans (all Americans? the old European tualized, hating same time as demonic, destructive. spontaneity, Lawrence but detests at the what powerful could be called the idealist tradition in America: You must REN? WELLEK 609 look through the surface of American art, and see the inner it is all mere diabolism of the symbolic meaning. Otherwise childishness. Or: You have got to pull the democratic and idealistic clothes off American utterance, and see what you can of the dusky it underneath. Lawrence does this, body of first, by denying that the Pilgrim Fathers came for freedom of worship. Instead, as the earlier version develops it, they life at its had a gloomy passion to destroy or mutilate very quick, lusting in their dark power to annihilate all living impulses, both their own and those of their neighbour. Then Benjamin Franklin is satirized for his utilitarian Philis tinism. He tries to take away my wholeness and my dark forest, my freedom. Franklin is oddly considered as some kind of dark plotter who has done more to ruin the old Europe than any Russian nihilist; how he is such remains we take him as the obscure? unless symbol of the shallow and technology. Enlightenment James Fenimore Cooper is ridiculed for social snobbery and man to service He was a gentle lip egalitarian democracy. sense of the word. in the worst are The white novels are but the Leather Tales condemned, par stocking praised, ticularly for the stark, stripped human relationship of two and Natty Bumppo, deeper than the men, Chingachgook deeps The a of sex. The tales create of a new myth relationship. men are two childless, womanless of opposite races a new the clue, the inception of The humanity. Deerslayer is a man who on white turns his back an isolate, society, elfless, stoic, enduring man, who lives by death, by but who is pure white. This is the very intrinsic-most killing, American. almost the germ of the future. Poe, in contrast, belongs entirely to the past. Ligeia is as a interpreted ghastly story of the assertion of the human will, edge. the will-to-love Poe and the will-to-consciousness, asserted Suddenly this lonely man is seen as containing against d eath self-consciousness, ghastly disease, itself. The pride of human the of extreme conceit of in knowl excessive of the spiri and is for Lawrence love? love representative intellectualism, here meaning omantic 610 LITERARY CRITICISM OF D. H. LAWRENCE tual love contrasted with healthy sex. Lawrence ridiculed it also in Dante and Petrarch, who had their spiritual concu bines, Beatrice and Laura, but fathered babies by other women. in the There is no overt discussion of transcendentalism Studies, but in a review of Stuart Shermans Americans (1923) Lawrence expressed his opinion of Emerson sufficiently: he is an that knew idealist. Emerson only God who send me Quoting that I am there surrounded by messengers of credentials day by day, Lawrence are many messengers. Gabriel. There was jeers He a forgot a sort of smooth-shaven whole bunch of others. But Emerson had a stone-deaf ear for all except a nicely aureoled Gabriel qui n avait pas de quoi. The prime example of Lawrences method of unmasking appears in his criticism of The Scarlet Letter, amasterpiece, but in duplicity and half-false excitement. The book is al a colossal satire on the destructive love of legorized into woman. Hester is a devilish girl-child, a little demon who married an Italian was se count (a detail invented by Lawrence). Dimmesdale duced by Hester but took his revenge in the public confession at the end. s The which Scarlet Hester oriental, characterized a Sister Woman became of Mercy. as a Great is called Mother and weird spiritual geography Prynne is a demon, a witch, a devil, as Pearl in Lawrences means also that the aboriginal American principle [is] work is a malevo ing in her, the Aztec principle. Chillingworth is lent soul, somebody like Francis Bacon, while Di mmesdale the whole clue to Dostoevsky. These ideas are developed in the earlier version? Dostoevskys whole essence is in further alle last days of Arthur Dimmesdale? and The world is like Dimmesdale [and thus gorized fancifully: in the dark races. t has its Chillingworth like Dostoevsky? ], in Germany. Lawrence considers the It has had its Hester as resulting from Hawthornes surface meaning of the book is a pious fraud. Still duplicity. All his reasoned exposition Lawrence praised the book ecstatically as a profound and wonderful book, one of the eternal revelations. It is far these REN? wellek more than and . . . more 611 perfect than we any work of fiction in French? though, shortly before, are told that Hawthorne is not, at least in his greatest work, a realist, straction, nor as even it exists a novelist. in its first The abstract characters nakedness. re not The even profound [Dostoevsky], types. They represent the human soul in its passional ab Scar let Letter is a legend ary myth. It contains the abstract of the fall of the white race. It is the reverse of the myth of Eve in the Book of Genesis. For Lawrence the book scarcely belongs to the realm of art. It belongs to the realm of pri mary or passional ethics and ethnology, the realm of the myth and the morality play. Its claim to be a historical romance is entirely lost sight of. in Studies of Melvilles South Sea ro The interpretation mances is less far off the mark. paradise but also expressions of hatred for the life of civi is saying: The ugliest beast on earth is lized man. Melville in which the white man. But the chapter on Moby-Dick, Lawrence They are not only escapes to one of the strangest and most wonderful is perverse in its allegorical misreading. supposed to represent our deepest praises it as a surpassingly beautiful book, as books in the world, The white whale is the blood-consciousness, last phallic the maniacal assisted by being of the white man; and he is hunted by mental fanati cism of our white consciousness, races: and black, Queequeg, the other red, yellow, Tashtego, Daggoo. Why the white whale should or could man is remains particularly of the whale. In the last chapter of Studies Lawrence calls Whitman a the first heroic seer to seize the soul by very great poet, the scruff of her neck and plant her down among the pot is criticized sherds saying Stay in the flesh. But Whitman and disparaged for his celebration of all-embracing sym He couldnt quite break the old maddening bond of pathy: he couldnt quite get out of the rut of the love-compulsion, is addressed: the charity habit. Whitman Youve cooked the awful pudding of One Identity. He reaches an empty onsciousness of the white the phallic represent nor can one understand what obscure; totally Ahabs obsessive mental about Captain pursuit 612 LITERARY CRITICISM OF D. H. LAWRENCE Allness. An addled egg, but this last merging is only death. (The rejection of romantic merging with nature and the uni verse is an old theme of Lawrence. Wordsworths as is ridiculed the primrose impertinence never Keatss sang a plaintive nightingale at his Caruso But then Lawrence jauntiest. ) and praises Whitman for his essential message Road, the heroic message of the American on poem and bunk, and but was anthem turns around . . the Open con future, ceived of as a lonely journey away from mansions and from too close association with other people. The message of Whit man seems identical with that of the Deerslayer. Purified of the exultant message of merging, purified of myself, American Democracy, of souls in the Open Road, full of glad full of fierce readiness, full of the joy of worship, recognition, when souls. one soul sees a greater soul. The only riches, the great So ends a book that had an impact far beyond its claim to literary criticism. Examined as criticism, it will appear often perverse, insensitive, indiscriminating, lacking in all the vir tues of scrupulosity, submission to

Student Council President Essays

Student Council President Essays Student Council President Essay Student Council President Essay My dog Elli is the most precious thing in the world to me! She has a salt, pepper, beard, and mustache. Elli is a miniature schnauzer and has NO FUR. She has hair because I am allergic to fur. The reason why I got Elli is because my dog Jack was leaving me forever because he kept on biting my mom. I really loved Jack, but I knew that he would do better at another home. I got Elli at 8:20 p. M. On December 20th, 2009. It was really cold and pitch black out. I had Judged Elli wrongly because I thought she would be very slow. The reason why is because when I first got her she would crawl and was scared half to death. But I was way off; she is a fun, happy, and CRAZY Oust like me) dog! Elses favorite thing to do is chew and fight with her toy fox and red bull. I really dont think anyone feels the same way as I do about Elli. I feel that if I dont have her my heart will seriously break in half. I also love her because she is the first dog I have ever seen with a mustache and beard. I tell her all my secrets, and she knows everything that goes on in my life. Even though my best friend Sarah knows a lot, Elli knows much more. The one thing I will never forget is when Elli was a year old and she and I saw the band members from Adam Lamberts concert. I didnt want to embarrass myself, so I tried to act cool. Then Elses leash got loose, and she made me chase her. She went up to the band like a spy because sometimes she gets shy, so she gets on her stomach and crawls. So she then rolled n her back so that they could rub her stomach, and everyone was laughing but Elli I dont think she knew what happened. Another story is when I thought I could beat her at running because she is small. I learned never to Judge someone by their size, shape or color because she beat me by a long shot. Also, when she was a pup, the first time she went to the groomers they saw only her face. They looked quickly and then looked away and marked her as a boy until they found out that she wasnt. They aid it was because of the beard and the mustache. The saddest thing about having a dog is knowing she is going to die sooner or later. But no matter what, you have to try your hardest to make the time together count. But one thing I always ask myself is If I had never had a dog, what would my life be like? I truly think that it would be the worst life ever. That is because I am an only child and when I was a kid I had no one so Elli is my only friend that is around all the time. Elses ready to go outside in the snow!

Awesome Google Tricks You Didnt Know Existed [Infographic]

Awesome Google Tricks You Didnt Know Existed [Infographic] Google is an integral part of our lives. Whether we’d like to admit it or not, we rely on Google for many things. It has become an encyclopedia for most of us. But how can we take our use of Google to the next level in order to truly make the most of theis valuable tool? The folks over at whoishostingthis  have compiled an infographic detailing some pretty awesome  Google tricks  that you probably are not  familiar with. Check them out below:

Industrial Economics, Industrial Organization How can game theory help Essay

Industrial Economics, Industrial Organization How can game theory help us to understand firm's interactions Discuss the differe - Essay Example A game theory is composed of a series of elements including: players or partners, rules which imply the possible decisions that one is capable of making given another party’s decisions, and the facts that a player could have knowledge of before moving or making a decision. Other elements include the consequences or outcomes of certain moves and the payoffs of each possible outcome. Payoffs imply the money got from a given decision (Durlauf, 2010). Game theories In arriving at the solutions given the game theories, it is important that industries understand certain tools. These tools include dominated and dominant strategies and the Nash equilibrium. A dominant strategy is a tactic that gives higher payoffs no matter what the opponent does, while a dominated strategy is an approach that is lower than another strategy; this implies that for a dominated strategy, there is a dominant strategy that is in existence over it. On the other hand, in Nash equilibrium, no industry or indi vidual is in preference of a different choice. This means that each player chooses the best strategy given the approaches taken by the other players in the market (Durlauf, 2010). In an effort to understanding how firms and industries react, it is vital that the different types of game theories are understood. Firms’ interactions are mainly guided by certain game theories. There is a myriad of game theories. Simultaneous game is one of the game theories. As the name suggests, the players in the market make decisions independent of the other player’s decisions. This means that no party is aware of the other party’s choices or decisions. This kind of scenario forms what is known as a Cournot model. In such a case, each firm or industry tries to make a forecast of what the other player in the market will be so as to arrive at a reasonable decision itself (Durlauf, 2010). In Cournot models, firms predicts the other industry’s output choice and then based on t he forecasts, each firm goes ahead to choosing a profit maximizing output for itself. In cournot, prices as at Nash equilibrium are above the perfect competitive prices. In this case it is clear that the Cournot game model influence the market price as firms try to control their levels of production. Thus, through Cournot model, it is possible for firms to come up with best reaction functions in their production in cases where the industries have completely no clue on what the other players in the market are up to achieving (Mukherjee, 2004). Sequential game is another game theory whereby an industry or firm makes a decision on price or quantity, when it already has knowledge on what another player or partner has decided on. The kind of strategic interaction depicted in such a scenario gives rise to a Stackleberg’s model. In this model, one industry makes a choice before another. It is frequently used to depict industries in which there is a dominant firm. In the Stacklebergà ¢â‚¬â„¢s model, an industry that is a leader chooses output to maximize profits depending on how a follower will react to its choice. Given the choices by a leader, a follower will try as much as possible to make profits given the quantity the leader produces. A leader makes decisions on its own production considering the

Ethnic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnic Studies - Essay Example And now is not different from the past, America, despite of her resources and good life to its people faced countless issues regarding race, ethnicity and varied culture of its immigrants and the so called "native white Americans." These among others are continuously become a subject of heated debates and arguments from scholars, politicians and for every Tom, Dick and Harry. This essay will examine the theories and arguments presented by Patrick J. Buchanan's book entitled The Death of the West. Similarly, the essay will also discuss selected important jurisprudence and laws regarding the Ethnic Population in the United States of America. Buchanan's The Death of the West basically discusses migration of different people to the United States. The author gave his theories and arguments regarding the influx migrants from various parts of the world and how these migrants affects the current society of the United States of America. America was once described as the great melting pot of all the races of Europe which correspondingly paved the movement for reformation. Buchanan argued that the biggest immigration in recent years came from all races of Asia, Africa and Latin America to which Buchanan says "are not melting and reforming." (Buchanan: 3) Consequently, America is faced with an abyss for ethnicity and loyalty. In this line, Buchanan supported this argument by stating that among the US' 31 million foreign born, a third are illegal, tens of thousands are loyal to the regimes which the US are at war with and some are trained terrorists. (Buchanan: 2) These increase in migration are encountered due to varying degrees of social as well as legal factors and as such, it posed as a threat of deconstructing the American nation for the reason that people have more or less nothing in common in matters like common history, language, culture and ancestors among others. And as such, it may bring forth separatism on account of ethnic and racial background and ideologies. Buchanan in his work pointed out that due to this influx of migration, the United States risked itself on a so called culture war which afterward results in divisiveness among people. There are social and moral issues which confront the varied background of the people which lives side by side in the US. These issues might likewise be considered as "Transvaluation" of all values for the reason that old virtues become sins and the old sins become virtues. (Buchanan: 5) These are among the reasons of Buchanan which leads him to ask "Is the Death of the West irreversible" (Buchanan: 10) The work presented numerous data with regards the decline of the population of the so called Western Civilization vis--vis the increase in population of the so called third world countries. The decline in population among these westerners pointed out people of German, Italian, Russian, British and Japanese decent, which in the same way the author regarded to as superior races in terms of thinking and technological advancement and even economic gains. It can be inferred therefore, that the aforementioned races belongs to the world's highly industrialized zones which are considered to be movers and shakers of our time. Such decline in the population of

Economic and Social Factors that Affected the Slavery of the South Essay Example for Free

Economic and Social Factors that Affected the Slavery of the South Essay Slavery had been one of the most controversial and important issues in the history of the United States. The distinction between the whites and the African American slaves could be rooted way back in the past events of the country even when the United States was still under the British rule. Because of this, the turn of events in the country is also related with slavery. The changes in the social and economic factors of the country greatly influenced the situation of slavery in the south. The desire for independence by the Americans has been the primary motivating factor that droved the social changes in the country. However, slavery was regarded as the biggest irony in America’s battle for freedom because their existence is a clear proof that the idea of liberty is more of a privilege rather than an inherent and equal right for all. This is proven by the fact that during the revolution, slavery was already considered as part of the old institution in America. Slavery was present in every colony and became the basis for the economy and social structure from Maryland southward. At the very least, 40 percent of Virginia’s population and at even higher numbers in Georgia and South Carolina had been slaves (Foner 230). Being the case, slavery created a huge impact in the south because their source of living and there very lifestyle have been dependent upon the work that slaves give. This is also the reason that the initiatives to abolish slavery greatly threatened the south. In 1840s, the expansion to the west played an important role as it moved slavery in the center of American politics. The depression that started in 1837 paved the way for the large migration of settlers in further west. The years between 1840 and 1845, about 5,000 emigrants traveled the 2,000 mile journey by wagon train to Oregon. The settlement of some Americans in Oregon perpetuated the southern attitude of patronizing slaves since some of them brought their slaves with them. Nevertheless, the settlement in Oregon is not the main reason for the emergence of the issue of slavery; rather the nation’s acquisition of Mexico caused it. The primary part of Mexico that was settled by a substantial number of Americans was Texas. This could be attributed from the fact that the Mexican government allowed Moses Austin, a farmer born in Connecticut, to permit the Americans to colonize it. In 1820, Austin received a large land grant, which he sells in small portions to Americans settlers. The issue of slavery arises because Mexico already abolished slavery. In April 1836, Sam Houston and his forces defeated the army of Santa Anna, which brought about the independence of Texas. The interest of the South was triggered by this event because they believed that including Texas in the Union and even dividing it to several states could increase their power in the Congress (Foner 465-466). The Compromise of 1850 was created in order to maintain peace within the Union. This helped the south in the sense that the compromise still allows the slavery and only abolished slave trade. The Compromise also left the white inhabitants in the territories of Mexico to decide whether they will continue with slavery or not. In the same manner, the Fugitive Slave Act also aided the south in capturing run-away slaves without the interference of local authorities. Southern leaders support measures that sent federal agents to states in the north in order to capture fugitives. It is also regarded that the Fugitive Slave Act is an example of how the government abided by the interests of the south (Foner 477-479). However, the Fugitive Slave Act also made many people especially from the North realize that this kind of law infringes upon the rights of the citizens as well as of the state. Being the case, this started the changes in the concept of state’s right. The leadership of Stephen A. Douglas helped the states to resolve its dispute regarding the issue of slavery. He hoped to solve the dispute among the northerners and southerners in Congress by applying the principle of popular sovereignty. Sovereignty would allow the local settlers of every state to vote whether they are in favor of slavery or not instead of the Congress. Douglas deemed that popular sovereignty symbolizes the idea of local self-government and it also created a middle ground between the North and South (Foner 479-480). The discussions above show that the underlying concern of the southern sector is to protect their interests. They were very keen in acquiring the necessary power in Congress in order for them to prevent the abolition of slavery, wherein they are greatly dependent upon in terms of their means of income and the overall development of their agricultural sector. Because of this, they are very vigilant of the social and economic changes that are happening in the country in order to make sure that their stakes and interests are safeguarded. Work Cited Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2007.

Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War rapidly changed the face of the United States. The rapid industrialization of the nation changed us from generally agrarian to the top industrial power in the world. Business tycoons thrived during this time, forging great business empires with the use of trusts and pools. Farmers moved to the cities and into the factories, living off wages and changing the face of the workforce. This rapid industrialization created wide gaps in society, and the government, which had originally taken a hands off approach to business, was forced to step in. Many individuals took advantage of the rapid industrialization and high influx of cheap labor in the form of immigrants. Among these entrepreneurs were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each made a name for themselves by forging their own corporate empire. Rockefeller was an industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune by founding the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Attempting to monopolize the industry and squeeze out the middle man, Rockefeller slowly gained almost complete control of the oil industry. He formed the powerful Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which united all of his companies and secured 95% of oil production in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who stamped out all of his competition with his trust, eventually leading to Congress intervention. Andrew Carnegie found his fortune in steel. Arriving in America in 1848, he quickly made his way up society’s ladder and in 1870 founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was opposed to monopolistic practices, but succeeded in eliminating the middle man. He pioneered the tactic of â€Å"vertical integration†... ...elped to widen the rift between rich and poor. Farmers, who were once self-employed, were rapidly becoming factory workers. In 1860 half the nation was self-employed, but by 1900 two-thirds were dependent on wages. This trend caused the rapid urbanization of America, which brought out some issues. Wages were rising, so it was good to be working, but with dependent wages the workers we’re susceptible to economic downturns. The workplace also became much less personable as people began to move to factory jobs. New machines would often displace workers, and individual workers had little power to fight for their rights against the industries. There was always a fear of unemployment, and reformers struggled to protect wages and have provisions for temporary unemployment. As more people moved to the cities and the corporations grew, social rifts became larger and larger.

My Significant Other

Art is composed of many different elements. There are many different styles of art that can be taught. Art has been used for thousands of years. Art is a way of expressing life. My favorite kinds of art are expressed through drawings and paintings. In Expressionist Art the artist tries to show strong certain feelings about something important. This can be done through sculptures, paintings, drawings, etc.When I am drawing I tend to draw people and things that relate to a person or multiple people. My sketches are complete with shading. Shading is to show shadows and contrast. My paintings are always outdoors and have to do with animals, plants, and scenery. Painting the sky and ocean have a lot of patience to be dealt with because It takes a right mixture of colors to make It feel lively. Pop art Is the most common art. It has to do with very popular seen people, places, or things.My favorite pop artist is Andy Warhol. The way he deals with the colors and shapes are amazing. I really enjoy the piece he did with Marilyn Monroe and the Campbell soup piece too. Surrealism is a type of art enjoy doing. When I have a strange dream I will take the most particular thing about my dream and turn it into art. I make it very mysterious and lifelike so everyone can witness what I saw in my sleep. I like to leave wonders and thoughts in others minds. Abstract art is also a favorite of mine.I will get a whole munch of random objects and glue them together and make another random object out of all these other pieces. It is very fun and creative. I once went outside and collect things to make a birds nest. Leaves, sucks, and other outdoors objects were collected and my masterpiece was finished. I received an excellent grade. Art Is different for everyone. Some use music as an art form, others use dance as an art form. Any way art is used it is still expressed through the artist. Art has and will always be around.

how Far Do You Sympathize With Heathcliff?

Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily Jane Bronte a year before her death. It is a love story between a poor, savage, gipsy called Heathcliff and a wealthy respectable woman called Catherine Earnshaw, set on the Yorkshire moors. Hindley, who is cruel, jealous and power-seeking, is the master of the Heights after Mr Earnshaw dies. He treats Heathcliff like a slave. As Cathy and Heathcliff grow up together their friendship develops into a passionate relationship. However Cathy betrays Heathcliff by marrying Edgar Linton from a neighbouring house named Thrushcross Grange, which is a very large house whose owners, the Linton's, are very wealthy. In spite Heathcliff marries Isabella Linton, to gain money and respectability. The second volume of the novel is the sons and daughters of the first generation almost repeating history, and it ends in Master Heathcliff owning both houses. Heathcliff entered the story as he was brought to Wuthering Heights by old Mr Earnshaw. He was a starving orphan from the streets of Liverpool. Bronte portrays him as a mysterious character, very cold, stubborn, heroic and extremely emotional. When he arrived Heathcliff was referred to as â€Å"the gipsy brat,† and â€Å"it†, by Hindley and Nelly Dean, the housekeeper. This made Heathcliff very angry, which is understandable. Old Mr Earnshaw's fondness for Heathcliff fuelled the jealousy of his son, Hindley, and the compassion of his daughter, Cathy. Hindley treated Heathcliff very badly, almost like a slave and inferior. â€Å"Heathcliff you may come forward' cried Hindley.† He added: â€Å"You may come and wish Miss Catherine welcome, like the other servants.† Heathcliff was denied education. This made Heathcliff extremely rebellious and because he and Cathy had become good friends they used to escape from the Heights and enjoy freedom on the moors. This gave Heathcliff a respite from his mental torture at Wuthering Heights. One night out on the moors Heathcliff and Cathy visited Thrushcross Grange. Seeing Edgar Linton and Isabella Linton fighting, Heathcliff and Cathy were seen and thinking they were robbers, Edgar set the dog on them. Cathy was very badly hurt and had to stay at the Grange for some time. With Cathy gone, Heathcliff had lost his only friend, and his life became one of total slavery and misery at the hands of Hindley. He realised how much his friendship with Cathy meant to him. When Cathy came back from the Grange, recovered, she was clean, well dressed and turned into a proper lady â€Å"with fine clothes and flattery.† When she met Heathcliff again she was extremely happy and Heathcliff was glad that things were back to normal again, â€Å"Cathy, catching a glimpse of her friend in his concealment, flew to embrace him; she bestowed seven or eight kisses on his cheek within the second.† But when Cathy stopped, and burst into a laugh because he was very dirty Heathcliff was very insulted and confused by the change in Cathy. Cathy's return created a huge surge of confidence in the new master of Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff was patronised at every opportunity, â€Å"make haste Heathcliff, the Kitchen is so comfortable.† And when the Linton's are asked to dinner, Heathcliff tries to smarten himself up to please Cathy but is just humiliated. The final straw for Heathcliff is over hearing a conversation between Cathy and Nelly Dean. â€Å"It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff,† he heard Cathy say. He ran off and didn't return for three years, because he felt that everyone at the Heights and the Grange was against him. After this time Heathcliff comes back from being abroad and he has become richer and more civilised and his appearance has smartened up, only to find that Cathy has married Edgar Linton. However this wasn't a shock to Heathcliff because there were talks of this happening before Heathcliff went away, but he still blames Cathy for this betrayal later on in the novel. Heathcliff went to the Grange, where Cathy was now staying and asked to see her. When they met he â€Å"bestowed more kisses than ever he gave in his life before.† After five minutes of seeing Cathy, Heathcliff broke down and showed some soft emotion, for the first time in the novel; â€Å"Oh, Cathy! Oh, my life! How can I bear it?† I think that Heathcliff didn't want to go away if he felt this strongly about Cathy but he was forced to. The story continues with Heathcliff marrying Isabella Linton but treating her very badly as his true love is Cathy. Isabella realises this and knows their marriage is doomed: â€Å"She slipped the gold ring from her third finger, and threw it on the floor. ‘I'll smash it!' she continued, striking with childish spite. ‘And then I'll burn it!' And she took and dropped the misused article among the coals.† This results in a character change, because up until this point I have felt sympathy towards Heathcliff. From here on Heathcliff becomes darker, more cynical, and frustrated. Catherine Earnshaw died in child birth. Heathcliff was outside when Nelly Dean came out to tell him about Cathy. At first he tried to keep his cold, hard image but once he asked about how Cathy died he broke down into â€Å"a cry of humiliation.† â€Å"And – and did she ever mention me?† After asking this question and finding that Catherine didn't recognise anyone before her death, Heathcliff became very angry: â€Å"May she wake in torment!' he cried, with frightful vehemence.† â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest, as long as I am living! You said I killed you – haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers.† Heathcliff couldn't bear living without Cathy. Cathy was the only person that Heathcliff could really talk to, and he loved her immensely: â€Å"Be with me always – take any form – drive me mad! Only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you!† Heathcliff had lost his one true love. This left him angry and incredibly sad which explains why he wanted Cathy to haunt him and never rest. Some could see this as a sign of madness but I feel sympathy for Heathcliff because Cathy was is only friend and true love but she has died without Heathcliff fulfilling his true feelings for Cathy. After Cathy's death Heathcliff becomes very cold, hard and vicious. He returned to the Heights to find that Hindley wanted to kill him. But the fight ended in Hindley's death. This led to the question did Heathcliff murder Hindley? After the fight Hindley drank a vast amount of alcohol, but I am not sure that a young man can drink himself to death in a night, so maybe there is a possibility that Heathcliff had something to do with the death of Hindley. This is very serious, and could a bad childhood be the cause or an excuse for this? Heathcliff has had an awful upbringing being patronised, treated as a slave and denied education. But what Heathcliff does in his latter life with the other generation of Linton's and Earnshaw's could be inexcusable: Isabella leaves him with a baby called little Linton. He is very weak and Heathcliff doesn't accept Linton because he isn't like him. Hareton grew up to be a savage, dirty boy just like Heathcliff when he was younger because like Hindley, Heathcliff denied education to Hareton. As old Edgar Linton was dying Heathcliff made young Cathy marry Linton by locking Cathy up in the Heights whilst her father was dying at the Grange. Heathcliff was doing this because he wanted Thrushcross Grange and all the wealth from the Linton family. Finally Cathy and Linton were married, Cathy was free to go to be with her father and shortly after they were married Linton died. Heathcliff wrote Linton's will and in it stated that Linton left the Grange to Heathcliff. During this whole episode Heathcliff was cruel to Hareton for two reasons: Hareton was very fond of Cathy but Cathy treated him like an inferior because he couldn't read or write, and because Hareton was the son of Hindley who had tormented Heathcliff from the day he set foot in Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff felt a lot of schadenfreude towards Hareton for this. It is clear that Heathcliff's personality changed after Cathy died but can his awful upbringing be to blame for his actions in his later life? We are told little by the author of his early childhood treatment before he came to Wuthering Heights. We can only expect that his life before was one of rough street living and neglect. In this case I do feel sympathy for Heathcliff because he wasn't accepted by his new found family and all the people who were nice to him died, namely old Mr Earnshaw and Cathy. Heathcliff has been denied happiness and true love and is in a state of desperation when he wants Cathy to haunt him because he will accept love at any cost and in any form. I can only feel sympathy for someone who has had a life long experience of bullying and exclusion: â€Å"He would stand Hindley's blows without winking or shedding a tear, and my pinches moved him only to draw in a breath, and open his eyes as if he had hurt himself by accident.† A quote from Nelly Dean who I think deep down sympathizes with Heathcliff because she was there when Heathcliff was getting brutally beaten by his master Hindley. When she was the narrator Nelly portrayed Heathcliff as the ‘ugly duckling.' She realised what his up-bringing had caused and passes her knowledge on to the reader. Isabella Linton feels the exact opposite towards sympathizing with Heathcliff. Isabella doesn't know what Heathcliff has been through and because she has been brought up by the Linton family who disliked Heathcliff. She is biased and thinks bad things about Heathcliff. Nelly Dean tries to portray an un-biased view on Heathcliff. She understands what he has been through but at times cant help hating Heathcliff and as readers because Nelly is the ‘neutral' character in the whole novel then Heathcliff can be felt sympathy for. Heathcliff's character is far too enigmatic to simplify. Bronte portrays Heathcliff as a violent person. He regularly beat his wife Isabella: â€Å"a white face scratched and bruised,† and he threw a kitchen knife at her head which struck beneath her ear. He beat young Cathy whilst she was trying to escape to visit her dying father and Nelly Dean in the same incident. He has no compassion and feelings for anyone in the novel except for his rescuer, Mr Earnshaw, and his true love, Cathy. It is easy to feel hatred for him at his treatment of: Hareton, little Linton, Isabella and Edgar, whom he taunted and humiliated openly. The greatest insight to Heathcliff's character is found early in the novel in chapter four where he blackmails Hindley into giving him Hindley's colt after his own went lame: â€Å"You must exchange horses with me; I don't like mine and if you won't I shall tell your father of the three thrashings you've given me this week, and show him my arm, which is black to the shoulder.† Heathcliff taunts Hindley further knowing he can manipulate his temper and the tussle ends with Hindley punching Heathcliff and shouting: â€Å"Take my colt, gipsy, then! And I pray that he may break your neck; take him and be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has.† And this is exactly the out come of the novel as Heathcliff orchestrates the inheritance of both houses. One through Hindley's debt, and the other through tricking little Linton in to altering his will. Maybe the reason for Hindley's mistreatment towards Heathcliff is because he saw the side that no-one else saw. The vindictive, manipulative, and the dark side of Heathcliff which he recognised while they were both still young boys. As I conclude my analysis of Heathcliff's character I find my sympathy does not lie with him, but I wonder what Heathcliff would turn out like if Mr Earnshaw would have lived longer and if Cathy had married him.

SWOT and Porter Five Forces Analysis of Royal Dutch Shell The WritePass Journal

SWOT and Porter Five Forces Analysis of Royal Dutch Shell Abstract SWOT and Porter Five Forces Analysis of Royal Dutch Shell . The company’s major strength includes a global presence with globally recognized brands, growing financial strength, significant manufacturing and technological capabilities and diversified portfolio of products. The global operations of the company are associated with difficulties of standardising quality due to varied operational conditions. Furthermore, the company is faced with stiff competition from the leading suppliers in the industry including Exxon Mobil Corporation, Total S.A. and BP Plc. However, the company can use differentiation strategy capitalizing on its globally recognized brands to establish a competitive edge over the competitors. In addition, the company can expand its global presence through striking strategic partnerships with local small companies in foreign markets to enhance penetration in the markets. Introduction Royal Dutch Shell plc commonly known as Shell is an independent company with its registered office located in LondonUK and headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands operating in the oil and gas industry globally (Reuters, 2012). The operations of the company are divided into three main segments including; Downstream, Upstream and Projects and Technology. The Upstream segment combines activities involved in the search for and recovery, liquefaction and transportation of oils and natural gas and wind energy. The Downstream segment is engaged in the activities of manufacturing, distributing and marketing of chemicals and oil products. Finally, the Projects and Technology segment includes all the critical support functions of the company’s core business in the Upstream and Downstream segments (Shell Plc, 2012). In 2011, the company had revenues of 470,171million US Dollars and based on these revenues, the company is ranked as the second largest company worldwide (Bloomberg, 2012). A s at the close of business on Tuesday 11th December 2012, the company was ranked as number one on the FTSE100 Index with a market capitalization of 135,511.7million US Dollars (Stock Challenge, 2012). Â  Shell SWOT Analysis The company has a number of strengths. Firstly, Royal Dutch Shell Plc is a leading company globally in the Oil and Gas industry with global presence in many countries. Consequently, the company derives its strength in this global image in the industry. Secondly, the company has recorded growing financial performance since the 2008/2009 economic downturn. It therefore has a strong capital base for competing in the competitive industry. Thirdly, the company has established strong brands recognized globally like Shell V-Power and the Shell FuelSave. Finally, the company has strong exploration and technological capability as an internal strength coupled with a diversified portfolio of products in the upstream and downstream segments of the company (Shell Plc, 2012). The size and scale of the global operations of company may be a weakness due to the difficulties of the company to control quality and standards of its products since the operational conditions of different refinery sites differ. This also impacts negatively on the administrative efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s management. Exposure to different regulatory regimes through the global presence of the company presents difficulties in formulating uniform policies applicable to the global operations of the company (Shell Plc, 2012). There is increasing awareness and concern for environmental sanity where reduced carbon emission is a necessary consideration for most oil-related products. Consequently, there is increasing demand for liquefied natural gas as a source of clean energy. This is likely to increase the company’s revenues from liquefied natural gas. There are also opportunities for the company to expand to the emerging economies like China through joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions like acquisition of Neste Oil Oyj in Poland (Reuters, 2012b). The economic slowdown in the US and European Union due to the debt crises involving member countries presents a threat to the company’s profitability. Terrorism activities threaten the company’s global functions by increasing related business operational expenses. Increasing strict environmental regulations is also a threat to the current and future operations of the company which will require more efficient and environment friendly exploration and manufacturing technologies. Fluctuating interest rates and the war in the Middle East countries is also a threat to the company due to its global operations. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Shell Porter (2008, p.80) identifies five forces that can be used to analyse the competitiveness of a company’s industry of operation. The forces include the threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers and rivalry among existing competitors. Royal Dutch Shell Plc has established large scale operations in more than 80countries enjoying economies of scale, global image with established strong brands which makes it hard for new entrants. Therefore the threat of new entrants is low due to the high capital requirements to set up operations. Threats of substitutes are high for the company. This is because oil-related products, chemicals and natural gas produced by different companies are highly substitutable. Major competitor products can be used as substitutes for the company’s products. Therefore, the threat of substitutes for the company is high. Royal Dutch Shell Plc has embraced a vertical integration growth strategy which involves acquiring and merging with companies at different levels of operation and therefore it has significant influence on its supply chain. Furthermore, the company has enhanced its technological capacity through the projects and technology segment of its business (Reuters, 2012). Therefore, the bargaining power of suppliers is low. Oil and gas are essential products in any economy. Economic production processes in an economy make use of oil. This explains why in some developing countries oil supply is under state agencies. Furthermore, the oil industry is characterized by companies coming together to form cartels that would enable them control the market (Bloomberg, 2012). Furthermore, most of the buyers of oil products buy in bulk and therefore loss of one buyer would significantly affect the company’s revenue. Consequently, the bargaining power of buyers is medium. The major competitors of the company include Exxon Mobil Corporation, Total S.A. and BP Plc which have also established global presence in the oil and gas industry (Hoovers, 2012). Rivalry with these companies is high due to branding and differentiation strategies applied by the companies in their operations globally. The companies have established brands recognized globally and major clientele which makes rivalry in the industry high. Conclusion Royal Dutch Shell Plc has established strong brands recognized globally enhancing its image in the global market. Despite the complexities and risks that are associated with the global operations of the company, there are opportunities for the company to expand and grow its operations in the emerging markets. The company can use a differentiation strategy to position its products globally as superior using its brand names. To deal with the risks of globalized operations, it is advisable that the company use strategic partnerships with the local operators in the new markets to enhance its penetration in the markets. Furthermore, the company can establish its competitive advantage increasing its control over the supply chain through more vertical integration mergers and acquisitions. Lastly, to increase efficiency of the company’s operations, there is need for re-engineering of the production process and adoption of new efficiency technologies. References Bloomberg, (2012) Royal Dutch Shell Plc Financial Statements, available at http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=RDSA:LN accessed on 14th December, 2012. Hoovers, (2012) Top Competitors for Royal Dutch Shell Plc, available at hoovers.com/company-information/cs/competition.Royal_Dutch_Shell_plc.01e84f5552dabef3.html accessed on 14th December, 2012. Porter M. E. (2008) The Five Forces that Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, pp.79-94. Reuters, (2012) Royal Dutch Shell PLC: Company Overview, available at reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=RDSa.L accessed on 14th December, 2012. Reuters, (2012b) Royal Dutch Shell PLC: Latest Key Developments, available at reuters.com/finance/stocks/RDSa.L/key-developments accessed on 14th December, 2012. Shell Plc, (2012) Our Business: Shell is Organised into: Upstream, Downstream and Projects and Technology, available at shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/our_business/ accessed on 14th December, 2012. Stock Challenge, (2012) FTSE All-Share Index Ranking as at Close on Tuesday, 11th December 2012, available at stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php accessed on 12th December, 2012.

German and United States Relations

German and United States Relations Different waves of German immigration to the U.S. resulted in German immigrants becoming one of the largest ethnic groups in the US. Starting in the late 1600s, Germans immigrated to the U.S. and established their own communities such as Germantown near Philadelphia in 1683. Germans came to the US for various reasons including economic hardship. Nearly a million Germans immigrated to the U.S. in the aftermath of the German Revolution in the 1840s. World War I At the beginning of the World War I, the U.S. declared its neutrality but soon changed positions after Germany began its unlimited submarine warfare. This phase of the war led to the sinking of various American and European vessels, among them the Lusitania which carried about a thousand passengers including 100 Americans. America officially entered the conflict against the Germans in a war which ended in 1919 with Germanys loss and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Jewish Persecution Tensions resurfaced when Hitler starting targeting the Jewish population which eventually escalated into the holocaust. Trade agreements between the United States and Germany were eventually revoked and the American ambassador recalled in 1938. However, some critics state that, due to the isolationist tendency of the U.S. politics at the time, America did not take sufficient steps to prevent Hitlers rise and the persecution of Jews. World War II As in World War I, the U.S. initially took a neutral position. In the early phase of the war, the U.S. enacted a trade embargo against all the warring nations and this isolationist position did not change until the fall of France and the real prospect of the fall of Britain when the United States began supplying weapons to the anti-German side. Tensions escalated when the United States began sending warships to protect weapon supplies, which eventually fell under attack from German submarines. After Pearl Harbor, the United States officially entered the war which ended with the surrender of Germany in 1945. Split Germany The end of World War II saw Germany occupied by France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. Eventually, the Soviets controlled the eastern German Democratic Republic and the Americans and western allies supported the western Federal Republic of Germany, both established in 1949. Cold war rivalry between the two superpowers dictated the realities in Germany. U.S. aid to Western Germany was characterized by the Marshall Plan, which helped rebuild German infrastructure and economy and provided incentives for Western Germany, among others European countries to remain in the anti-Soviet bloc. Split Berlin The city of Berlin (in the eastern part of Germany) was also divided between eastern and western powers. The Berlin Wall became a physical symbol of both the Cold War and the Iron Curtain. Reunification Competition between the two German halves remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The reunified of Germany re-established its capital in Berlin. Current Relations The Marshall Plan and U.S. troop presence in Germany has left a legacy of cooperation between both nations, politically, economically, and militarily. Although both countries have had recent disagreements on foreign policy, especially with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, relations remained favorable overall, especially with the election of pro-American politician Angela Merkel.

Complete the following discussion questions Essay

Complete the following discussion questions - Essay Example Even when you think you understand the text through this approach, the approach itself indicates that there can be no understanding. I think gender criticism is perhaps the best approach to take for either of Kate Chopin’s stories. This is because she presents her characters with such feeling as she attacks some of the social customs that have managed to come between the genders. In â€Å"The Storm†, for example, Chopin presents her main character, Calixta, as a frustrated woman trapped in a less than fully satisfying relationship with a man who is kind and simple but not the man she was in love with. That man is the one she has passionate sex with on the day of the storm, finally fulfilling a desire she’d carried since she had known him in Assumption but not been able to fulfill because he left her. Gender criticism would examine the circumstances of her life, the role she is expected to play and the lack of choice she was given. At the same time, gender criticism allows one to examine the men who appear in the story as well. Bobinot is seen as simple and accepting and truly in love with his wife. He is sensitive to her moods and tries to do what he can to keep her happy, not understanding what it is that makes her upset. He is even sensitive enough to take their son with him when he goes shopping in order to give her some time to herself, but has nevertheless managed to trap his wife within the social roles expected of women regardless of her own inclinations. Alcee also provides Calixta with no free choice when he leaves her in Assumption, but is seen to have been acting with her best interests at heart, knowing he could not be with her and that to do anything then would have damaged her reputation and her chance for a better life. Both men are seen to be trapped in social conventions as much as Calixta within this approach, which increases understanding of the