The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay - 1963 Words

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, takes place during the 17th century in Puritan Boston, where a woman, Hester Prynne, has committed adultery with the Reverend, Arthur Dimmesdale; she is then forced to eternally wear a scarlet letter on her bosom as punishment for that sin. While coming out of prison with the child that resulted from her infidelity. Hawthorne strategically employs nature in his novel for remarkable imagery, insight into characters, and an underlying theme within the book. In this novel, nature is used with both of its definitions, the natural forces and human nature itself. The theme of nature has allowed The Scarlet Letter to illustrate the dichotomies within the book. Also, in The Scarlet Letter, physiognomies and descriptions of nature around characters correspond with their own human nature and how it changes. Conclusively, nature plays a crucial role in The Scarlet Letter; it foreshadows action, recurs as an important theme that also indicates character, and reflects the changes in the characters behavior and beliefs. In the Scarlet Letter, there are two different meanings to the recurring theme of nature. First, it is used as the natural forces impacting the characters, and second, it is used as human nature that is typified in the book through descriptions. For example, in the beginning of the novel, the referrals to the natural world contrast greatly. The contrast ranges from the beautiful, wild rose-bush and the deep heart ofShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality Free Essays

I waited to enter the debate again until my heart was In the right place and free of anger towards those who disagree with my viewpoint. Now I ask you prayerfully consider these words, not Just rejecting them in favor of your personal prejudices. Search the Scriptures, casting aside all previous viewpoints and open your heart to what the Spirit of God is speaking to you. We will write a custom essay sample on What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many well meaning people build their case against homosexuality almost entirely on the Bible. They, Just as l, value the ancient text, and seek its guidance In their lives. Unfortunately, many of them have never really studied what the Bible does and isn’t say about homosexuality. I was unaware until about 2 years ago that a lot of what I’d been taught about the Bible by people who love God and want to teach others the words, was derived from an improper understanding of context, history, and also literalism, which was seen as heresy even going back to Origin and Popularly, early church fathers who were students of Apostle John. When I searched further, I came to see the Bible as more. I saw Its many cultures, religions and spiritualistic, but more importantly, I saw people who were trying with their limited understanding of the universe, nature, biology, and overall knowledge, to make sense of a world, and a God, they didn’t understand. The Bible has a powerful message for all regardless of gender, sexual orientation, personal philosophy or spiritual practice. But it’s a message of love and acceptance, not condemnation and, hate, and fear. Don’t take my word for It, though. I ask only that you’d consider what careful research. Prayer, and meditation has taught me about the passages used by some people to condemn God’s children simply because of a biological factor like attraction. Premise 1: The rampant epidemic of biblical illiteracy in this country A recent study quoted by DRP. Peter Gomes in The Good Book found that 38 percent of Americans polled were certain the Old Testament was written a few years after Jesus’ death. Ten percent believed Joan of Arc was Nosh’s wife. Many even thought the epistles were the wives of the apostles. A few key points Jesus says nothing about same-sex behavior. The Jewish prophets are silent about homosexuality. Only six or seven of the Bible’s one million verses refer to same-sex behavior in any way ? and none of these verses refer to homosexual orientation as It’s understood today. Premise 2: Historically, people’s misinterpretation of the Bible has left a trail of suffering, bloodshed, and death. Over the centuries, people, well meaning or otherwise, who misunderstood or misinterpreted the Bible have done terrible things. The Bible has been twisted to defend bloody crusades and tragic inquisitions; to support slavery, apartheid, and segregation; to persecute Jews and other non- Christian people of faith; to support Hitter’s Third Reich and the Holocaust; to oppose medical science; to condemn Interracial marriage; to execute women as witches; and Scripture for his purpose. Looking at recent history, within the past 60 years, countless LIGHT people, all of them children of God, were murdered, assaulted, abused, arrested, rejected, ostracizes, fired from Jobs, had their children taken away, and denied basic civil rights because of six or seven verses, most of them taken grossly out of context. Most of the people I know who say â€Å"the Bible condemns homosexuality’ would never condone these acts. Most Christians have no idea that the people killing gay and lesbia n persons go around quoting those few verses of Scripture as Justification. But it’s important to hear these stories, because I’m not writing this little pamphlet as a scholarly exercise. It’s a matter of life and death. I’m pleading on the side of love. Premise 3: We must be open to new truth from Scripture God is constantly speaking. What was once adamantly declared as truth in one age is now regarded with ignorance in another. SST. Peter was commanded to kill and eat animals he once regarded as unclean to show that the old covenant dietary laws had been lifted. SST. Paul, who once killed those who claimed the name of Jesus, in a matter of hours loved the God-Man whom he once despised as a false prophet. Even Jerry Falafel, a bastion of evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity, believed the Bible supported segregation in the church until a black shoeshine man asked him, â€Å"When will someone like me be allowed to become a member of your congregation? † I ask you to look again, with careful prayer, study, and meditation, this issue of sexual orientation. Don’t Just accept mindlessly the words of a pastor or priest, but as SST. Paul said in 1st Thessalonians, â€Å"†Test all things and hold fast to that which is good. † We must look at all verses within two frameworks Galatians 5:22-23 â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, Joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, gentleness, faithfulness, and self control. There is no law against such things. † Philippians 4:8 â€Å"Finally, beloved, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is Just, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence and if there is anything worthy of praise, think upon these things. Even if we believe the Bible is â€Å"infallible† or â€Å"without error,† it’s dangerous to think that our understanding of every biblical text is also without error. We are human. We are fallible. And we can misunderstand and misinterpret these ancient words often with devastating results. Premise 4: The Bible is a book about God, not human sexuality The Bible is about God’s love for his children and all of his creation. It’s a story of God who is healing, renewing, empowering, and loving us, his sons and daughters, so we can follow God’s example with others. How to cite What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality, Papers

Australia Aboriginal Strait Islander Health-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australia Aboriginal Strait Islander Health? Answer: Introduction: People of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population are more susceptible to smoking addiction development as compared to the non-indigenous communities. It is evident that smoking has multiple negative effects on the health of these people. Nature of smoking can be adaptive and addictive. Social, economic and structural factors are responsible for the more prevalence of smoking in this population. It has been observed that more prevalence of smoking in this population is mainly due to the insufficient training for smoking cessation. Aboriginal health workers who smoke cannot provide training because of their cognitive decline. Due to smoking, there is higher incidence of stroke, heart disease, diabetes and circulatory disease in aboriginal population (Vos et al., 2009). Less attention to the smoking cessation programmes may be due to less visible impacts of smoking as compared to the alcohol consumption. Negative impacts of smoking can be evident only after diagnosis of certai n disease. Hence, there is less awareness of potential detrimental effects of smoking among aboriginal origin people. In the surveys, it is evident that less than 5 % aboriginal people knows that smoking can negatively affect their health. As a result, very less efforts were made for reducing smoking in this population. For aboriginal people, cultural dominance is also one of the important factor responsible for the smoking prevalence. Supply of tobacco along with regular ratio, was one the major factor responsible for the prevention of smoking in the aboriginal population. Consumption of Tabaco was carried forward form the complex historical antecedents to current-day tobacco users in this population (Robinson et al., 2010). Poverty in aboriginal people is also considered as one of the factor for augmented smoking in aboriginal people. These people try to present their life as luxury life and social acceptance through smoking. Because of these complex causes and sustained increase in the smoking, it would be challenging to control smoking in this population. Until recently, most the prevention methods of smoking are traditional methods. However, in recent past newer methods like harm reduction are implemented. Harm reduction strategy involves efforts to reduce adverse effects and social and economic consequences of smoking without reducing consumption of smoking. In this harm reduction approach, there would be acceptance of tobacco use of person and maintenance of dignity of the person. Harm reduction in smoking can be achieved by reducing recruitment, increasing cessation, reducing risks of active and passive smoking. Integration of harm reduction approaches and cessation approaches proved beneficial in individual and public status of aboriginal people. However, most of the aboriginal people feel smoking cessation is a difficult task for them because these people cant offered to spend time and energy in smoking cessation intervention (MRoche Ober, 1997). Literature search: Literature search was carried out by using different databases like Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Literature search is divided into three categories. These categories include indigenous people, tobacco or smoking use and intervention. Ingenious people search strategy include aboriginal people, native Australians and Torres Strait Islander. Tobacco search strategy include tobacco, smoke, smoking, cigar, tobacco use and cigarettes. Intervention search strategy include smoking intervention, smoking reduction, tobacco control, smoking cessation, tobacco reduction, smoking restriction, tobacco reduction strategy, quit smoking and tobacco control strategy. These search items were searched individually and in combination based on the database. Different criteria were used for the selection of articles. First, article should be published. Second, intervention should be carried out on Aboriginal Australian people. Articles were selected comprising of research designs like interv entions, case control, cohort, cross-sectional, experimental, and intervention designs. Articles between 1996 to 2016, were selected. All these databases yielded 1714 articles and after removal of duplicates 1345 articles were obtained. In the final step, 31 eligible articles were selected relevant to the essay. Critical appraisal: Critical appraisal of the research article should be carried out under different aspects like title and abstract, structuring of the study, sample selection, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusion. Aims, objectives and hypothesis should be clearly mentioned in the research article. Data collection method should be clearly explained and expertise of the data collection person should incorporated. Ethical issues in the data collection should clearly mentioned. Reliability and validity of the data collection instruments and methods should be adequately described. In data analysis name of the statistical methods like primarily descriptive, correlational or inferential should be mentioned. Whether results are clinically or statistically significant should be clearly mentioned. Whether is study is blinded should be clearly mentioned to eliminate question of bias. Outcome of each statistical analysis should be identified and meaning of each outcome should be explained. Resu lts should be clearly and completely stated and enough information should be provided to judge the results. Researcher should provide summary of the obtained results and made suggestions for the future studies. Limitations and implications of the study should be clearly mentioned. Enough information should be provided in the study to replicate the study. Discussion should be provided in the article comprising of participants values, clinical expertise and available evidence (Kmet et al., 2004; Smylie et al., 2016). Different types of research are available for the smoking cessation. These include randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, pre-post studies and government reports. Methodological problems in the form of study design were observed in few of the studies. In few of the pre-post studies and government reports, there is no mention of either randomised or non-randomised controlled study. Data for the comparator population is not mentioned in none of the government reports (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013; 2014b). Data related to subject recruitment is clear in most of the studies. Most of the studies are not meeting the criteria for the mentioned number of subject population. Less number of subjects are incorporated in the studies as compared to the mentioned number. Available studies are with less population, hence generalisability of the data is difficult. There is more attrition rate in the number of subjects in the follow-up studies. Moreover, reason behind the attrition rate was not mentioned. As a result, generalisability and comprehensiveness of the follow-up studies is questionable. Data related to characteristic of population those who participated in the follow-up and those who didnt participated in the follow-up is missing form these studies (Marley et al., 2014; Passey et al., 2009). Different factor like socio-economic status and cultural aspects can affect the outcome in the smoking cessation studies. However, in few studies these aspects were not categorised in the analysis of results. Categorisation of results based on these aspects would have given more clarity of the smoking cessation interventions. There could be different outcomes in the smoking cessation studies like continuous smoking self-denial, point prevalence and complete acceptance of the intervention. However, in few of the studies, results were not categorised according these categories (Cosh et al., 2015; Gould et al., 2013). Data collected in these studies by different stakeholders like Indigenous health workers, research assistants and doctors. However, expertise and experience of these stakeholders in the smoking cessation is not mentioned in these articles. Research and survey data collected by the experts should be considered as the valid data. Hence, collected data in few these studies is questionable. In these studies, data is collected by face-to-face interaction, self-reports and online assessment. Data collection methods like self-reports and online assessment are prone to bias. Self-reports can be collected in the presence of health or social worker to improve validity of the data (Tooth et al., 2005). There is flaw in the statistical analysis in few of the studies. There is huge difference between statistical significance and clinical significance. However, statistical significance is the most important requirement for the validity of the data. Statistical significance is not possible in the studies without comparator and in studies with insufficient power to detect the effect. In most of the studies, mentioned conclusion is not comprehensive and it reflects only some part of the study. Few of the studies specifically mentioned category of subject population. This information would be helpful in the assessment of smoking intervention population. Quality of research can be assessed based on the clarity of the category of subject population. 17 studies were specifically carried out on the adults and 14 studies were carried out on both adults and young. Studies should also mention specific aims and objectives of the research. It would be helpful in the assessing understanding of the researcher about the research area. Approximately 12 studies studied both prevention and cessation intervention programmes, 17 studies studied just cessation and only two studies studied tobacco prevention. Locality or geographic location of the subject population is important aspect in studies like smoking cessation because smoking cessation can be affected by different factors like cultural and socio-economic factors. These studies were carried out in different regions like Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. However, none of the studies were carried out based on the comparison among different regions. Comparative studies among different regions would have given more generalisation of the research design and methods used in these studies. Interventions used in these methods were in the form of media education, counselling, incorporation of social or healthcare workers and pharmaco therapy. Very less studies were performed with combination of these interventions (Gould et al., 2013; Nicholson et al., 2015). Study conducted by Mckennitt and Currie, 2012; didnt allowed direct comparison between intervention group and control due to small sample size. Another study conducted by Glover et al. 2009, also produced confounding results due to small sample size. In this study, results were obtained in the favour of control group. Campbell et al. 2014 conducted a controlled clinical trial in 702 Aboriginal and TSI Australian people above 15 years of age. In this study, motivational counselling was provided by the trained healthcare professionals. This study conducted in both rural and urban areas with incorporation of sufficient number participants. Hence, in this study statistically results were obtained and these results can be generalised to overall population. If recruited participants would have been equally distributed among rural and urban populations, more evident results in the form of effect of different classes of people on smoking cessation, would have been obtained. Marley et al. 201 4, conducted randomised clinical trial in 168 Aboriginal Australian people above age of 16. In this study, interventions like motivational interview and pharmacotherapy were used together. However, main drawback of this study was its less number of participants. Hence, in this study clinical difference was obtained among control group and intervention group. However, there was no statistical difference between these two groups. Hearn et al. 2011; conducted pre post study in Aboriginal Australian people. In this study, smoking cessation training was provided. Even though study population was less in this study, statistically significant difference between control group and intervention group was observed. These results might be obtained because intervention was carried out by expert professionals in in Aboriginal health and education. Conclusion: It has been observed that reductions in the smoking are evident in the Aboriginal people of Australia, however these are coming at very low speed. It is evident form the literature that studies comprising of integrated interventions targeted towards biochemical, habit forming, cultural, stress related and psychological aspects, proved beneficial in the smoking cessation. These interventions proved more beneficial in the people those are already motivated for smoking cessation. Hence, these interventions should be considered as support mechanism rather than tool. Research design and clinical practice efforts should be directed towards making transition of these interventions from support mechanisms to tool for smoking cessation. In studies, it has been established that pharmacotherapy is successfully implemented in smoking cessation. Studies comprising of pharmacotherapy, produced statistically and clinically significant results in the smoking cessation. However, pharmacotherapy was u nderused in Aboriginal Australian people. Other intervention techniques like training to healthcare professionals for smoking cessation, motivational interview techniques, behavioural support and interventions considering cultural aspects, traditions and languages proved beneficial in smoking cessation. From the literature, it is evident that identifying unsuccessful intervention is difficult task. Hence, more efforts should be made to identify unsuccessful intervention. Effective evaluation procedures should be implemented for smoking cessation programmes. Integrated efforts of health workers, social workers and government agencies would be helpful in implementing effective smoking cessation programme in Aboriginal Australian population. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 18 September 2017 www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~201113~Main%20Features~Tobacco%20smoking~10008. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014a. 4727.0.55.001. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014b). Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: Updated Results, 201213, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 18 September 2017, www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4727.0.55.006. Cosh, S., Hawkins, K., Skaczkowski, G., Copley, D., Bowden, J. (2015). Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation, Australian Journal of Primary Health. 21(3), pp. 334-41. DiGiacomo, M., Davidson, P.M., Davison, J., Moore, L., Abbott, P. (2007). Stressful life events, resources, and access: key considerations in quitting smoking at an Aboriginal Medical Service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 31(2), pp. 174-176. Eades, S.J., Sanson-Fisher, R.W., Wenitong, M., Panaretto, K., D'Este, C., Gilligan, C., Stewart, J. (2012). An intensive smoking intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia. 197(1), pp. 42-46. Gould, G.S., McGechan, A., and van der Zwan, R. (2009). Give up the smokes: a smoking cessation program for Indigenous Australians, 10th National Rural Health Conference, viewed 18 September 2017, www.ruralhealth.org.au/10thNRHC/10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Gould_Gillian_D9.pdf. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Watters, T., McEwen, A., Clough, A.R. (2012). Knowledge and views about maternal tobacco smoking and barriers for cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: A systematic review and meta-ethnography. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 15(5), pp. 863-74. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Avuri, S., Hoff, S., Cadet-James, Y., McEwen, A., Clough, A.R. (2013). Nobody smokes in the house if there's a new baby in it: Aboriginal perspectives on tobacco smoking in pregnancy and in the household in regional NSW Australia, Women and Birth. A journal of the Australian College of Midwives. 26(4), pp. 246-253. Hearn, S., Nancarrow, H., Rose, M., Massi, L., Wise, M., Conigrave, K., Barnes, I., Bauman, A. (2011). Evaluating NSW SmokeCheck: a culturally specific smoking cessation training program for health professionals working in Aboriginal health. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 22(3), pp. 189-198. Ivers, R.G., Farrington, M., Burns, C.B., Bailie, R.S., D'Abbs, P.H., Richmond, R.L., Tipiloura, E. (2003). A study of the use of free nicotine patches by Indigenous people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 27(5), pp. 486-490. Kmet, L.M., Lee, R.C., Cook, L.S. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. 2004. https://www.biomedcentral.com/ content/supplementary/1471-2393-14-52-s2.pdf. Viewed on 19 September 2017. Marley, J., Atkinson, D., Kitaura, T., Nelson, C., Gray, D., Metcalf, S., Maguire, G.P. (2014). The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote Aboriginal Australian health care setting. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 32-41. McKennitt, D.W., Currie, C.L. (2012). Does a culturally sensitive smoking prevention program reduce smoking intentions among Aboriginal children? A pilot study. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research. 19(2), pp. 55-63. MRoche, A., Ober, C. (1997). Rethinking Smoking Among Aboriginal Australians: The Harm Minimisation.Abstinence Conundrum. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 7(2), 128-133. Nicholson, A.K., Borland, R., Couzos, S., Stevens, M., Thomas, D.P. (2015). Smoking-related knowledge and health risk beliefs in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Medical Journal Australia. 202(10), pp. S45-50. Passey, M., Gale, J., Holt, B., Leatherday, C., Roberts, C., Kay, D., Rogers, L., Paden, V. (2009). Stop smoking in its tracks: understanding smoking by rural Aboriginal women, Paper presented at the 10th National Rural Health Conference, Cairns, Australia, viewed 18 September 2017, www.ruralhealth.org.au/10thNRHC/10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Passey_Megan_D9.pdf. Robinson, M., McLean, N.J., Oddy, W.H., et al. (2010). Smoking cessation in pregnancy and the risk of child behavioural problems: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 64, pp. 6229. Smylie, J., Kirst, M., McShane, K., Firestone, M., Wolfe, S., OCampo, P. (2016). Understanding the Role of Indigenous Community Participation in Indigenous Prenatal and Infant Toddler Health Promotion Programs in Canada: A Realist Review. Social Science Medicine. 150, pp. 128-143. Tooth, L., Ware, R., Bain, C., Purdie, D.M., Dobson, A. (2005). Quality of Reporting of Observational Longitudinal Research. American Journal of Epidemiology. 161(3), 280-288. Vos, T., Barker, B., Begg. S., et al. (2009). Burden of disease and injury in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: the Indigenous health gap. International Journal of Epidemiology. 38, pp. 4707.