The Growth Of Information And Communication Technology

The Growth Of Information And Communication Technology The growth of information and communication technology has significantly impacted on every facet of the world on most often noted is the internet. The advancement of Information and communication technology ICT, coupled with the rapid uptake of increasingly affordable, key technologies such as the Internet, has also helped foster an environment that promotes globalization of knowledge and information. The Internet has revolutionalized communication making information access across boundaries deemed seemingly impossible in the past a thing of general practice. People around the world are able to communicate with unprecedented ease. In the past, government has enjoyed great successes in censoring traditional communication media and this has affected information flow to the masses. The internet on the other hand with is multi-directional information flow communication nature where anyone can air their opinions on any desired issue at will has posed great challenges to governments. For countries with repressive regimes, the Internet has become a revolutionary force as it allows the free flow of information and which has been perceived as threat by the authorities in some countries. Government in some countries have responded imposing strict censorship on Internet usage by the public through monitoring, filtering and access to some site in the internet in a bid to control access to information. Internet censorship can be defined as the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. Internet censorship has been a greatly debated topic around the world with people having different opinions. In most countries governments at different level have been the in the fore front in the campaign for a regulated internet. Though there are a few arguments that support the need to have the internet censored, it has been largely rejected by organizations and individuals across the world as censorship of the internet is widely regarded by many as an attempt by government to suppress freedom of speech. This essay examines the arguments against internet censorship by government, its impact, successes and failures of government in some countries that embarked on such projects, and the challenges they have faced. It also assesses the key importance of censorship and concludes with an individual opinion evaluating the stated arguments. The case against the government Campaigners against the governments censorship of the internet have strongly opposed censorship and have stated that it prevents freedom of speech thus undermining confidence and trusts in the medium and this inhibits crucial flows of data. Also, Internet censorship and filtering leads to monitoring which is seen by many as another big brother ploy by government to invade the public privacy. It is more often argued that the government will use internet censorship as a tool to promote political agenda and the public has been quick to conclude that the true voice of the public will not be heard. In Australia, the National-Anarchists reject any parliamentary censorship of material and the reasons given has been summed up simply, any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both Benjamin Franklin.[1] Reports on internet censorship show the level of its pervasiveness recently being experienced in some countries. There are several tools and solutions instituted by the government of these countries for the purpose of internet censorship and also the content censored also vary with most blocked contents being political, pornographic, religious contents and others. [2] The common argument used by most countries in proposing censorship is that of child pornography. Most people however believe that the governments plans on internet censorship do not quite provide the solution to child pornography. It is often seen as, and in fact proven by experts that websites play only a minor role in circulation of child abuse materials and cannot be simply banned by Government [1]. It is often suggested that censoring for children by utilizing a user backed software and filtering systems instead of governmental censorship is a viable solution for keeping children away from indecent internet content. There are several software systems that allow parental control of internet materials. The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) has made a categorization of nations that is classes as internet enemy list. The ONI is joint project between some academic institutions across the world with the goal to monitor and report on internet filtering and surveillance activities by different nation. The project uses several means to determine the extent and nature of government-run internet filtering programs. It lists China, Iran Saudi Arabia etc in the forefront of internet censorship in the world. A new wave is now being generated by the Australian government as it moves to launch its own internet censorship project, [3] which has sparked up several arguments across the world. According to the ONI reports, censorship varies with countries and some countries have pervasive filtering policies, often routinely blocking access to not just pornographic and prohibited contents, but also human rights organizations, news, blogs, and Web services that challenge the status quo or are deemed threatening or undesirable. The Chinese governments The Great firewall currently uses four mechanisms DNS blocking, reset commands, URL keyword blocking and content scanning to prevent Internet users in the country from reaching blacklisted Web sites or content [16]. This technique though quite effective faces some technology challenges as private VPNs used by banks, manufacturing and other businesses often allow users within these organizations bypass this great firewall. These VPN services are now even open to the public for sign up at a fee that is quite affordable and attempts by the government to clamp down on this may impact on the economy since businesses will be affecte d. The general public thus rides on this loophole [4]. Methods of implementing censorship have also been criticized. Blocking unwanted and prohibited content using a dynamic process that would require analysis of website content in real-time would significantly slow down the internet. This is already being experience on the china network. [4]. Reports from Australia also suggests this will be the case when the Australian project kick off. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) confirmed that under trial conditions internet filtering reduced speeds between 2% and in excess of 75%, but with half the tested products falling between 20-30%. It was concluded that proper implementation of the censorship project could result in a 20% drop in internet speeds [5]. Policies have been another hugely criticize factor. Often times government policies on censorship do not make a clear distinction on materials unfit for internet content, this resulting in legal and harmless contents being blocked. Organizations have challenged and even filed lawsuits to prevent passage of censorship bills in some states citing free speech violation and the decision to embark on censorship as unconstitutional. This is the case of a Utah Internet Censorship law, intended to restrict childrens access to material on the Internet but that may in fact also restrict adults access to a wide range of lawful material [6]. Examples cited COPA internet censorship law of 1998, included whether an education web page showing young women how to perform self examinations for breast cancer be banned and being classed as sexually explicit [7]. Australian government for example intends to use a public complaints mechanism for blacklisting URLs as well as URLs provided by international agencies. Analysts have questioned the accountability and transparency of this and have stated that the same government bureaucrats who put together their initialed flawed blacklist would remain responsible as arbitrators of the system. In support of the publics claim, a recently leaked list of blacklisted website showed that about half of the sites listed were in fact not related to child porn as claimed by the government but rather other contents that were to a certain degree could be classified as legal content for the adult community. This has sparked further debate on the issue [8]. A word for the government The biggest arguments presented so far by the government in support of internet censorship have been issues relating to preventing access to illegal contents and child pornography, racism, fraud terrorism, religion etc. With the attempts so far made by several nations to impose some form of censorship meeting with similar resistance, government should realize that the key challenges faced are three fold, the people, the law and the coping with technology. One could however wonder why the topic on censoring the internet would generate so much argument when the public indeed presently abides by certain degree of censorship. From schools preventing access to certain contents and websites, warnings are displayed on university networks on the impact of downloading of file sharing, companies prevent employees from accessing chat systems, networking website and other sites at work using firewalls to ISPs blocking potential dangerous contents either because of virus or to keep their network safe and uncompromised, Why then is the public so opposed to the government censoring the internet? It could be safe to state that the public is just not ready for the extreme spectrum of Internet control which would result in a globally regulated internet by the government for the fear that the public could lose its freedom of speech and the fear unknown. Conclusion Recommendation Though internet censorship could be considered a necessity in cases where there is need to set a standard for publishing and the kind of information to publish on highly sensitive topics, by and large the foreseeable disadvantages far surpasses the benefits that may be accrued. I do not see Government succeeding in the offing in the fight to regulate content on the internet. Technology favours the public internet users rather than government and as such the government will be playing catch-up and their efforts may yet be foiled. Technology is presently enabling data encryption, user generated videos and pod casts thus complicating the tasks by the monitoring bodies. Also the laws governing internet censorship if passed will meet several barriers as they are more likely to be passed by countries independently. The internet spans boundaries and how these laws would apply to other countries a crucial aspect of consideration. The law will need to keep up with changing technology as such there will be no rest for law makers. Passing laws takes considerable time, and lapse in law would result in loopholes that could be exploited by the public. In addition, the controversies generated by government censoring the internet far outweigh the benefit. The internet is a global communication platform and the government needs to study close before imposing laws. Close attention should however the paid to the fact that the global nature of the net does present problems to censorship. To conclude, though the proposed laws by government to regulate the internet is of good intention, it is unwise for the government to censor the internet because any law infringing on the publics right to free speech or breaching individuals right to privacy and freedom on such a vast communication medium as the internet will be difficult to enforce.

Living Like Weasels Essay

â€Å"Living Like Weasels†, by Annie Dillard, is a very complex essay with deep metaphorical meaning. In her essay, Dillard takes an interesting view of the way people could live; she describes how a weasel moves through life, suggesting humans take a similar approach. Bringing things back to a more primitive perspective of instinct and simplicity, she explores through symbolic imagery, why humans should latch on to their one passion in life and never let it go. Many people may think it is strange to suggest that a human being should live like an animal such as the weasel. However, a weasel exhibits a variety of desirable traits that we humans yearn to attain. In the first part of Dillard’s essay, she gives a brief introduction of what a weasel is and the sort of tendencies that they have. She then goes on to tell an elaborate story of a man who shot an eagle out of the sky only to find that a weasel was fixed by its jaws to the eagle’s throat. Dillard states, â€Å"The supposition is that the eagle had pounced on the weasel and the weasel swiveled and bit as instinct taught him, tooth to neck, and nearly won.† The weasel acted upon instinct, disregarding the size and power of the eagle. Dillard uses this bizarre image to show her admiration for the instinct and determination of this small creature, as well as a basis for the premise of her essay. Further into her essay, Dillard brilliantly ties her thoughts together. She states, â€Å"Time and events are merely poured, unremarked, and ingested directly, like blood pulsed into my gut through a jugular vein†¦The thing is to stalk your calling in a certain skilled and supple way, to locate the most tender and live spot and plug into that pulse.† Here, Dillard creates a clear picture of what she believes to be the best way to find your one true passion. Somewhat like how the weasel instinctively bit onto the eagle’s neck, she suggests that humans stalk their one passion and then hold on wherever it takes them. Dillard sums up the main idea of her entire essay in the last paragraph. She says, â€Å"I think it would be well, and proper, and obedient, and pure, to grasp your one necessity and not let it go, to dangle from it limp wherever it takes you. Then even death, where you’re going no matter how you live, cannot you part. Seize it and let it seize you up aloft even, till your eyes burn out and drop†. With this statement, Dillard more directly states  that people should do as the weasel does. Just as the weasel grabbed onto the eagle, humans should hang on to their one passion, because even through death and whatever else is to come, what you have grabbed onto will last forever. Throughout Dillard’s essay she uses key phrases such as â€Å"ingested†, â€Å"latch on†, â€Å"grasp†, â€Å"plug into the pulse†, or even â€Å"jaws†. All of these are phrases that allude to the segment earlier in her essay about the weasel that fearlessly latches onto the throat of an eagle, refusing to let go. These phrases create an extremely clear and even somewhat violent scenario, but they are all components to what Dillard believes humans should practice in their every day lives. Through a series of metaphors and symbolic imagery, Dillard is able to convey her philosophy towards life: to latch onto a certain passion and not let it go even through death. Although her idea is very intriguing, even romantic, the type of single mindedness and drive that she suggests could be somewhat dangerous. Having complex minds that are always aware of choices and different paths to take, the human species could not function under such restrictions as a weasel does. Although this is true, humans can strive for their goals and passions with great determination, yet unlike the weasel, have the benefit of having certain awareness for the consequences of their actions.

Technology And Its Effect On Society - 1410 Words

Technology is in many ways valuable to our society. It has come a very long way in such a short time. It is growing in such a way that Internet rules are vague and slow to emerge, causing a lot of frustration amongst its users. While many users use technology as it was intended, there are those who do not. Your typical users use technology for educational, work purposes or just plain entertainment. Then we have those who have malicious intent. In order for these users to commit cyber crimes they have to be educated and very familiar with technology. â€Å"Power and ethics have always had a close relationship, and as the old saying goes, Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. This means that people have a responsibility to use their power wisely and ethically. The power created by computers is no different from any other type of power, as it also has a profound effect on ethics† (Bowles, 2013). There’s a variety of ways that technology can be misused, fro m piracy to identity theft. It’s unfortunate that the more we learn and become familiar with technology the more likely we are to manipulate and take advantage of its capabilities. Once again, because of its constantly changing nature, the area of computer technology is one that is difficult to assign a specific set of moral codes. Technology creates a whole new set of ethical problems. Such problems include: piracy, hacking and data theft, disputed rights to products, the use of computers to commit fraud,Show MoreRelatedTechnology : The Effects Of Technology And Society1283 Words   |  6 Pages The effects of technology with society has beneficial impacted the way we live. With technology is providing many advantages, but also it has some disadvantages it has on children and adults. There is little room for people that wish to live without technology, moreover than living the way they did in the old days. Technology has its advantages, it’s has changed the way people have communicated by email, social media, the way traveling has improved. Have you ever heard the saying ‘Children are bornRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society871 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is technology? Is it the tool that propels humanity forward or is technology the cuffs that hold the everyday man from leaving his own comfort. Or is technology more than a tool, more than a mechanical device? Ray Bradbury s Works are known 4 expanding technology and using speculative fiction to reveal the way technology is consuming the everyday person. but what if Ray Bradbury was never talking about technology and its effect on society with society s effect on technology? It is assumedRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1386 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, etc. or it can be embedded in machines, computers , devices and factories, which can be operated by individuals without detailed knowledge of the workings of such things. Technology has produced many positive contributions to society and how it has grownRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesworld is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford). There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined theRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application o f scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the livesRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1473 Words   |  6 Pageswould surmise that technology has an overwhelmingly negative effect on society. Although there might be consequences that stem from technology, these negative effects only bring about more good than they bring about evil. This good transforms the world in ways people may never be able to comprehend. Technology will always be the epitome of human intelligence and it is this fact that should allow us to not only understand that technology is not dangerous to us but that technology should enable theRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect O n Society1176 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is the sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves with the material objects of their civilization. (â€Å"Technology†) In addition, technology has become a basic necessity for people all around the world. Not only does technology have positive effects on how people function in the world, but it also has many negative effects. On a similar topic, technology has improved the way we live tremendously, but people have become extremely dependent on it, almost to the point to whereRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1396 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology on its own cannot be beneficial or detrimental to the cognitive ability and the human relationship. Its effect on society depends on how and when technology is used. Technology continues to interact with our human experience in some way or the other. It is profoundly reshaping how we live today and giving rise to new strand of lifestyle and custom. With the rise of technologies, we expect to gain from its advances in the field of communication, social interaction, research and developmentRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1694 Words   |  7 PagesTechnological advances have certainly entered this era to facilitate people’s lives. There is no doubt that some new technology has been created to help operate or effectively manage time in a way that would be beneficial to humans. Technology significantly helps a number of people. A group that greatly benefits with the advances of technology is teenagers. Teens constantly use computers for schoolwork, networking, or knowing anything they want to know with a simple use of their fingertips. FurthermoreRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Society1372 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Abuse Technology has rapidly increased over the past few years and has had a great impact on everyone in several ways. The impact of this applied science on people’s lifestyles has made several too dependent on technology. There needs to be a specific limit to technology that is reasonable but considerable for everyone. This new addiction is truly significant because this modern world of ours can have dangerous consequences that we are not aware of. In the past, many of the machines and

Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins...

The Yellow Wallpaper:nbsp; Repression nbsp; The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman is sad story of the repression that women face in the days of late 1800s as well as being representative of the turmoils that women face today. Gilman writes The Yellow Wallpaper from her own personal experiences of having to face the overwhelming fact that this is a male dominated society and sometimes women suffer because of it. The narrator, being female, is suffering from a temporary depression. She states right from the beginning that John is a physician, and perhaps--(I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind)-- perhaps that is the one reason I†¦show more content†¦Perhaps to save her own sanity? Once the narrator determines that the image is in fact a woman struggling to become free, she somehow aligns herself with the woman. In the story she mentions that she often sees the woman creeping outside. I see her in that long shaded lane, creeping up and down. I see her in those dark grape arbors, creeping all around the garden.... I dont blame her a bit. It must be very humiliating to be caught creeping by daylight! I always lock the door when I creep by daylight. I cant do it at night, for I know John would suspect something at once. This shows the narrator seeing herself in the woman and when she sees the woman creeping outside, she sees herself. When she creeps outside she locks the door. She is afraid her husband will take away the only comfort she had know since she was subjected to this rest cure. She continues to pursue this obsessive project of getting the woman out. The narrator wants the woman to be free of the paper but does not want to let her go. The woman is her sanity; I dont want to go out, and I dont want to have anybody come in, till John comes. I want to astonish him. Ive got a rope up her that even Jennie did not find. If that woman does get out, and tries to get away, I can tie her! After peeling all the paper within her reach in hopes of getting the woman out, she states, I am getting angry enough to do something desperate. To jumpShow MoreRelatedThe Cult Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1371 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Zhao K. Keogh AP Lit. Period 3 22 January 2015 The Cult of Domesticity â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts a young woman’s gradual descent into insanity due to her entrapment, both mentally and physically, in the restrictive cult of domesticity. Through the narrator’s creeping spiral into madness, Gilman seeks to shed light upon the torturous and constraining societal conditions in which women are expected to live, that permeates throughout all aspects of their livesRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead More Social Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper1275 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper    â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a symbolic tale of one woman’s struggle to break free from her mental prison.   Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows the reader how quickly insanity takes hold when a person is taken out of context and completely isolated from the rest of the world.   The narrator is a depressed woman who cannot handle being alone and retreats into her own delusions as opposed to accepting her reality.   This mental prison is a symbol for the actualRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman764 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2016 The Yellow Wallpaper In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short piece, The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator faces many adversities as a woman such as: mental health, and living in a time period when they are not treated equal to men. Gilman’s personal life is reflected through this story because she dealt with similar challenges the narrator herself has to overcome. â€Å"Her lectures, novels, short stories, magazine articles (including her best known work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†), and nonfictionRead MoreComparison and Contrast of the Yellow Wallpaper and the Rose for Emily1078 Words   |  5 Pages A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"A Rose for Emily’’ By William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,† are two short stories that both incorporate qualities of similarities and difference. Both of the short stories are about how and why these women changed for lunacy. These women are forced into solitude because of the fact that they are women. Emily’s father rejects all of her mates; the husband of Gilman Narrator (John) isolates her from stimulationRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman858 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"John laughs at me, but one expects that in marriage.† Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage.† In her The Yellow Wallpaper men attempted to prevent women from achieving their intellectual and creative potential by making women be their subordinates. The dreadful wallpaper that Gilman came to hate in her story is a symbolic representation of her personal life were as she gets married her role is limited to that of a domestic servant as herRead MoreAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can be interpreted in many ways. Some scholars debate that it is written as an autobiography, some say it is an isolated work, a complete fantasy, or simply just a feminist uprising. One particular scholar even relates the feminism aspect with a feline creature within one scene of the story (Golden 1). Although there are many aspects throughout the text that represent feminism, the main theme that shines through is the story of a womanRead More The Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† explores mental illness and, through this exploration, presents a critique of the place of women in a patriarchal society. Interestingly, Charlotte Perkins Gilman never intended the latter. The primary intent of her short story is to criticize of a physician prescribed treatment called rest cure. The treatment, which she underwent, required female patients to â€Å"’live as domestic a life as possible’† (Gilman)Read MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1511 Words   |  7 Pagestime period. One of these writers was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Her work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, addresses the reality of gender status and roles and the treatment of psychological disorders during the nineteenth century. When explicating her work through a psychological perspective, it is clear to see how Gilman uses setting, symbolism, and personification to portray a realistic view of a woman with a psychological disorder and her treatment. Charlotte Gilman applies her own experiences with herRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper961 Words   |  4 Pages The Yellow Paper is a symbolic story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It is a disheartening tale of a woman struggling to free herself from postpartum depression. This story gives an account of an emotionally and intellectual deteriorated woman who is a wife and a mother who is struggling to break free from her metal prison and find peace. The post-partum depression forced her to look for a neurologist doctor who gives a rest cure. She was supposed to have a strict bed rest. The woman lived

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay - 1963 Words

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, takes place during the 17th century in Puritan Boston, where a woman, Hester Prynne, has committed adultery with the Reverend, Arthur Dimmesdale; she is then forced to eternally wear a scarlet letter on her bosom as punishment for that sin. While coming out of prison with the child that resulted from her infidelity. Hawthorne strategically employs nature in his novel for remarkable imagery, insight into characters, and an underlying theme within the book. In this novel, nature is used with both of its definitions, the natural forces and human nature itself. The theme of nature has allowed The Scarlet Letter to illustrate the dichotomies within the book. Also, in The Scarlet Letter, physiognomies and descriptions of nature around characters correspond with their own human nature and how it changes. Conclusively, nature plays a crucial role in The Scarlet Letter; it foreshadows action, recurs as an important theme that also indicates character, and reflects the changes in the characters behavior and beliefs. In the Scarlet Letter, there are two different meanings to the recurring theme of nature. First, it is used as the natural forces impacting the characters, and second, it is used as human nature that is typified in the book through descriptions. For example, in the beginning of the novel, the referrals to the natural world contrast greatly. The contrast ranges from the beautiful, wild rose-bush and the deep heart ofShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality Free Essays

I waited to enter the debate again until my heart was In the right place and free of anger towards those who disagree with my viewpoint. Now I ask you prayerfully consider these words, not Just rejecting them in favor of your personal prejudices. Search the Scriptures, casting aside all previous viewpoints and open your heart to what the Spirit of God is speaking to you. We will write a custom essay sample on What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many well meaning people build their case against homosexuality almost entirely on the Bible. They, Just as l, value the ancient text, and seek its guidance In their lives. Unfortunately, many of them have never really studied what the Bible does and isn’t say about homosexuality. I was unaware until about 2 years ago that a lot of what I’d been taught about the Bible by people who love God and want to teach others the words, was derived from an improper understanding of context, history, and also literalism, which was seen as heresy even going back to Origin and Popularly, early church fathers who were students of Apostle John. When I searched further, I came to see the Bible as more. I saw Its many cultures, religions and spiritualistic, but more importantly, I saw people who were trying with their limited understanding of the universe, nature, biology, and overall knowledge, to make sense of a world, and a God, they didn’t understand. The Bible has a powerful message for all regardless of gender, sexual orientation, personal philosophy or spiritual practice. But it’s a message of love and acceptance, not condemnation and, hate, and fear. Don’t take my word for It, though. I ask only that you’d consider what careful research. Prayer, and meditation has taught me about the passages used by some people to condemn God’s children simply because of a biological factor like attraction. Premise 1: The rampant epidemic of biblical illiteracy in this country A recent study quoted by DRP. Peter Gomes in The Good Book found that 38 percent of Americans polled were certain the Old Testament was written a few years after Jesus’ death. Ten percent believed Joan of Arc was Nosh’s wife. Many even thought the epistles were the wives of the apostles. A few key points Jesus says nothing about same-sex behavior. The Jewish prophets are silent about homosexuality. Only six or seven of the Bible’s one million verses refer to same-sex behavior in any way ? and none of these verses refer to homosexual orientation as It’s understood today. Premise 2: Historically, people’s misinterpretation of the Bible has left a trail of suffering, bloodshed, and death. Over the centuries, people, well meaning or otherwise, who misunderstood or misinterpreted the Bible have done terrible things. The Bible has been twisted to defend bloody crusades and tragic inquisitions; to support slavery, apartheid, and segregation; to persecute Jews and other non- Christian people of faith; to support Hitter’s Third Reich and the Holocaust; to oppose medical science; to condemn Interracial marriage; to execute women as witches; and Scripture for his purpose. Looking at recent history, within the past 60 years, countless LIGHT people, all of them children of God, were murdered, assaulted, abused, arrested, rejected, ostracizes, fired from Jobs, had their children taken away, and denied basic civil rights because of six or seven verses, most of them taken grossly out of context. Most of the people I know who say â€Å"the Bible condemns homosexuality’ would never condone these acts. Most Christians have no idea that the people killing gay and lesbia n persons go around quoting those few verses of Scripture as Justification. But it’s important to hear these stories, because I’m not writing this little pamphlet as a scholarly exercise. It’s a matter of life and death. I’m pleading on the side of love. Premise 3: We must be open to new truth from Scripture God is constantly speaking. What was once adamantly declared as truth in one age is now regarded with ignorance in another. SST. Peter was commanded to kill and eat animals he once regarded as unclean to show that the old covenant dietary laws had been lifted. SST. Paul, who once killed those who claimed the name of Jesus, in a matter of hours loved the God-Man whom he once despised as a false prophet. Even Jerry Falafel, a bastion of evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity, believed the Bible supported segregation in the church until a black shoeshine man asked him, â€Å"When will someone like me be allowed to become a member of your congregation? † I ask you to look again, with careful prayer, study, and meditation, this issue of sexual orientation. Don’t Just accept mindlessly the words of a pastor or priest, but as SST. Paul said in 1st Thessalonians, â€Å"†Test all things and hold fast to that which is good. † We must look at all verses within two frameworks Galatians 5:22-23 â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, Joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, gentleness, faithfulness, and self control. There is no law against such things. † Philippians 4:8 â€Å"Finally, beloved, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is Just, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence and if there is anything worthy of praise, think upon these things. Even if we believe the Bible is â€Å"infallible† or â€Å"without error,† it’s dangerous to think that our understanding of every biblical text is also without error. We are human. We are fallible. And we can misunderstand and misinterpret these ancient words often with devastating results. Premise 4: The Bible is a book about God, not human sexuality The Bible is about God’s love for his children and all of his creation. It’s a story of God who is healing, renewing, empowering, and loving us, his sons and daughters, so we can follow God’s example with others. How to cite What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality, Papers

Australia Aboriginal Strait Islander Health-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australia Aboriginal Strait Islander Health? Answer: Introduction: People of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population are more susceptible to smoking addiction development as compared to the non-indigenous communities. It is evident that smoking has multiple negative effects on the health of these people. Nature of smoking can be adaptive and addictive. Social, economic and structural factors are responsible for the more prevalence of smoking in this population. It has been observed that more prevalence of smoking in this population is mainly due to the insufficient training for smoking cessation. Aboriginal health workers who smoke cannot provide training because of their cognitive decline. Due to smoking, there is higher incidence of stroke, heart disease, diabetes and circulatory disease in aboriginal population (Vos et al., 2009). Less attention to the smoking cessation programmes may be due to less visible impacts of smoking as compared to the alcohol consumption. Negative impacts of smoking can be evident only after diagnosis of certai n disease. Hence, there is less awareness of potential detrimental effects of smoking among aboriginal origin people. In the surveys, it is evident that less than 5 % aboriginal people knows that smoking can negatively affect their health. As a result, very less efforts were made for reducing smoking in this population. For aboriginal people, cultural dominance is also one of the important factor responsible for the smoking prevalence. Supply of tobacco along with regular ratio, was one the major factor responsible for the prevention of smoking in the aboriginal population. Consumption of Tabaco was carried forward form the complex historical antecedents to current-day tobacco users in this population (Robinson et al., 2010). Poverty in aboriginal people is also considered as one of the factor for augmented smoking in aboriginal people. These people try to present their life as luxury life and social acceptance through smoking. Because of these complex causes and sustained increase in the smoking, it would be challenging to control smoking in this population. Until recently, most the prevention methods of smoking are traditional methods. However, in recent past newer methods like harm reduction are implemented. Harm reduction strategy involves efforts to reduce adverse effects and social and economic consequences of smoking without reducing consumption of smoking. In this harm reduction approach, there would be acceptance of tobacco use of person and maintenance of dignity of the person. Harm reduction in smoking can be achieved by reducing recruitment, increasing cessation, reducing risks of active and passive smoking. Integration of harm reduction approaches and cessation approaches proved beneficial in individual and public status of aboriginal people. However, most of the aboriginal people feel smoking cessation is a difficult task for them because these people cant offered to spend time and energy in smoking cessation intervention (MRoche Ober, 1997). Literature search: Literature search was carried out by using different databases like Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Literature search is divided into three categories. These categories include indigenous people, tobacco or smoking use and intervention. Ingenious people search strategy include aboriginal people, native Australians and Torres Strait Islander. Tobacco search strategy include tobacco, smoke, smoking, cigar, tobacco use and cigarettes. Intervention search strategy include smoking intervention, smoking reduction, tobacco control, smoking cessation, tobacco reduction, smoking restriction, tobacco reduction strategy, quit smoking and tobacco control strategy. These search items were searched individually and in combination based on the database. Different criteria were used for the selection of articles. First, article should be published. Second, intervention should be carried out on Aboriginal Australian people. Articles were selected comprising of research designs like interv entions, case control, cohort, cross-sectional, experimental, and intervention designs. Articles between 1996 to 2016, were selected. All these databases yielded 1714 articles and after removal of duplicates 1345 articles were obtained. In the final step, 31 eligible articles were selected relevant to the essay. Critical appraisal: Critical appraisal of the research article should be carried out under different aspects like title and abstract, structuring of the study, sample selection, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusion. Aims, objectives and hypothesis should be clearly mentioned in the research article. Data collection method should be clearly explained and expertise of the data collection person should incorporated. Ethical issues in the data collection should clearly mentioned. Reliability and validity of the data collection instruments and methods should be adequately described. In data analysis name of the statistical methods like primarily descriptive, correlational or inferential should be mentioned. Whether results are clinically or statistically significant should be clearly mentioned. Whether is study is blinded should be clearly mentioned to eliminate question of bias. Outcome of each statistical analysis should be identified and meaning of each outcome should be explained. Resu lts should be clearly and completely stated and enough information should be provided to judge the results. Researcher should provide summary of the obtained results and made suggestions for the future studies. Limitations and implications of the study should be clearly mentioned. Enough information should be provided in the study to replicate the study. Discussion should be provided in the article comprising of participants values, clinical expertise and available evidence (Kmet et al., 2004; Smylie et al., 2016). Different types of research are available for the smoking cessation. These include randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, pre-post studies and government reports. Methodological problems in the form of study design were observed in few of the studies. In few of the pre-post studies and government reports, there is no mention of either randomised or non-randomised controlled study. Data for the comparator population is not mentioned in none of the government reports (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013; 2014b). Data related to subject recruitment is clear in most of the studies. Most of the studies are not meeting the criteria for the mentioned number of subject population. Less number of subjects are incorporated in the studies as compared to the mentioned number. Available studies are with less population, hence generalisability of the data is difficult. There is more attrition rate in the number of subjects in the follow-up studies. Moreover, reason behind the attrition rate was not mentioned. As a result, generalisability and comprehensiveness of the follow-up studies is questionable. Data related to characteristic of population those who participated in the follow-up and those who didnt participated in the follow-up is missing form these studies (Marley et al., 2014; Passey et al., 2009). Different factor like socio-economic status and cultural aspects can affect the outcome in the smoking cessation studies. However, in few studies these aspects were not categorised in the analysis of results. Categorisation of results based on these aspects would have given more clarity of the smoking cessation interventions. There could be different outcomes in the smoking cessation studies like continuous smoking self-denial, point prevalence and complete acceptance of the intervention. However, in few of the studies, results were not categorised according these categories (Cosh et al., 2015; Gould et al., 2013). Data collected in these studies by different stakeholders like Indigenous health workers, research assistants and doctors. However, expertise and experience of these stakeholders in the smoking cessation is not mentioned in these articles. Research and survey data collected by the experts should be considered as the valid data. Hence, collected data in few these studies is questionable. In these studies, data is collected by face-to-face interaction, self-reports and online assessment. Data collection methods like self-reports and online assessment are prone to bias. Self-reports can be collected in the presence of health or social worker to improve validity of the data (Tooth et al., 2005). There is flaw in the statistical analysis in few of the studies. There is huge difference between statistical significance and clinical significance. However, statistical significance is the most important requirement for the validity of the data. Statistical significance is not possible in the studies without comparator and in studies with insufficient power to detect the effect. In most of the studies, mentioned conclusion is not comprehensive and it reflects only some part of the study. Few of the studies specifically mentioned category of subject population. This information would be helpful in the assessment of smoking intervention population. Quality of research can be assessed based on the clarity of the category of subject population. 17 studies were specifically carried out on the adults and 14 studies were carried out on both adults and young. Studies should also mention specific aims and objectives of the research. It would be helpful in the assessing understanding of the researcher about the research area. Approximately 12 studies studied both prevention and cessation intervention programmes, 17 studies studied just cessation and only two studies studied tobacco prevention. Locality or geographic location of the subject population is important aspect in studies like smoking cessation because smoking cessation can be affected by different factors like cultural and socio-economic factors. These studies were carried out in different regions like Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. However, none of the studies were carried out based on the comparison among different regions. Comparative studies among different regions would have given more generalisation of the research design and methods used in these studies. Interventions used in these methods were in the form of media education, counselling, incorporation of social or healthcare workers and pharmaco therapy. Very less studies were performed with combination of these interventions (Gould et al., 2013; Nicholson et al., 2015). Study conducted by Mckennitt and Currie, 2012; didnt allowed direct comparison between intervention group and control due to small sample size. Another study conducted by Glover et al. 2009, also produced confounding results due to small sample size. In this study, results were obtained in the favour of control group. Campbell et al. 2014 conducted a controlled clinical trial in 702 Aboriginal and TSI Australian people above 15 years of age. In this study, motivational counselling was provided by the trained healthcare professionals. This study conducted in both rural and urban areas with incorporation of sufficient number participants. Hence, in this study statistically results were obtained and these results can be generalised to overall population. If recruited participants would have been equally distributed among rural and urban populations, more evident results in the form of effect of different classes of people on smoking cessation, would have been obtained. Marley et al. 201 4, conducted randomised clinical trial in 168 Aboriginal Australian people above age of 16. In this study, interventions like motivational interview and pharmacotherapy were used together. However, main drawback of this study was its less number of participants. Hence, in this study clinical difference was obtained among control group and intervention group. However, there was no statistical difference between these two groups. Hearn et al. 2011; conducted pre post study in Aboriginal Australian people. In this study, smoking cessation training was provided. Even though study population was less in this study, statistically significant difference between control group and intervention group was observed. These results might be obtained because intervention was carried out by expert professionals in in Aboriginal health and education. Conclusion: It has been observed that reductions in the smoking are evident in the Aboriginal people of Australia, however these are coming at very low speed. It is evident form the literature that studies comprising of integrated interventions targeted towards biochemical, habit forming, cultural, stress related and psychological aspects, proved beneficial in the smoking cessation. These interventions proved more beneficial in the people those are already motivated for smoking cessation. Hence, these interventions should be considered as support mechanism rather than tool. Research design and clinical practice efforts should be directed towards making transition of these interventions from support mechanisms to tool for smoking cessation. In studies, it has been established that pharmacotherapy is successfully implemented in smoking cessation. Studies comprising of pharmacotherapy, produced statistically and clinically significant results in the smoking cessation. However, pharmacotherapy was u nderused in Aboriginal Australian people. Other intervention techniques like training to healthcare professionals for smoking cessation, motivational interview techniques, behavioural support and interventions considering cultural aspects, traditions and languages proved beneficial in smoking cessation. From the literature, it is evident that identifying unsuccessful intervention is difficult task. Hence, more efforts should be made to identify unsuccessful intervention. Effective evaluation procedures should be implemented for smoking cessation programmes. Integrated efforts of health workers, social workers and government agencies would be helpful in implementing effective smoking cessation programme in Aboriginal Australian population. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 18 September 2017 www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~201113~Main%20Features~Tobacco%20smoking~10008. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014a. 4727.0.55.001. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014b). Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: Updated Results, 201213, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 18 September 2017, www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4727.0.55.006. Cosh, S., Hawkins, K., Skaczkowski, G., Copley, D., Bowden, J. (2015). Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation, Australian Journal of Primary Health. 21(3), pp. 334-41. DiGiacomo, M., Davidson, P.M., Davison, J., Moore, L., Abbott, P. (2007). Stressful life events, resources, and access: key considerations in quitting smoking at an Aboriginal Medical Service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 31(2), pp. 174-176. Eades, S.J., Sanson-Fisher, R.W., Wenitong, M., Panaretto, K., D'Este, C., Gilligan, C., Stewart, J. (2012). An intensive smoking intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia. 197(1), pp. 42-46. Gould, G.S., McGechan, A., and van der Zwan, R. (2009). Give up the smokes: a smoking cessation program for Indigenous Australians, 10th National Rural Health Conference, viewed 18 September 2017, www.ruralhealth.org.au/10thNRHC/10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Gould_Gillian_D9.pdf. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Watters, T., McEwen, A., Clough, A.R. (2012). Knowledge and views about maternal tobacco smoking and barriers for cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: A systematic review and meta-ethnography. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 15(5), pp. 863-74. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Avuri, S., Hoff, S., Cadet-James, Y., McEwen, A., Clough, A.R. (2013). Nobody smokes in the house if there's a new baby in it: Aboriginal perspectives on tobacco smoking in pregnancy and in the household in regional NSW Australia, Women and Birth. A journal of the Australian College of Midwives. 26(4), pp. 246-253. Hearn, S., Nancarrow, H., Rose, M., Massi, L., Wise, M., Conigrave, K., Barnes, I., Bauman, A. (2011). Evaluating NSW SmokeCheck: a culturally specific smoking cessation training program for health professionals working in Aboriginal health. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 22(3), pp. 189-198. Ivers, R.G., Farrington, M., Burns, C.B., Bailie, R.S., D'Abbs, P.H., Richmond, R.L., Tipiloura, E. (2003). A study of the use of free nicotine patches by Indigenous people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 27(5), pp. 486-490. Kmet, L.M., Lee, R.C., Cook, L.S. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. 2004. https://www.biomedcentral.com/ content/supplementary/1471-2393-14-52-s2.pdf. Viewed on 19 September 2017. Marley, J., Atkinson, D., Kitaura, T., Nelson, C., Gray, D., Metcalf, S., Maguire, G.P. (2014). The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote Aboriginal Australian health care setting. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 32-41. McKennitt, D.W., Currie, C.L. (2012). Does a culturally sensitive smoking prevention program reduce smoking intentions among Aboriginal children? A pilot study. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research. 19(2), pp. 55-63. MRoche, A., Ober, C. (1997). Rethinking Smoking Among Aboriginal Australians: The Harm Minimisation.Abstinence Conundrum. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 7(2), 128-133. Nicholson, A.K., Borland, R., Couzos, S., Stevens, M., Thomas, D.P. (2015). Smoking-related knowledge and health risk beliefs in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Medical Journal Australia. 202(10), pp. S45-50. Passey, M., Gale, J., Holt, B., Leatherday, C., Roberts, C., Kay, D., Rogers, L., Paden, V. (2009). Stop smoking in its tracks: understanding smoking by rural Aboriginal women, Paper presented at the 10th National Rural Health Conference, Cairns, Australia, viewed 18 September 2017, www.ruralhealth.org.au/10thNRHC/10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Passey_Megan_D9.pdf. Robinson, M., McLean, N.J., Oddy, W.H., et al. (2010). Smoking cessation in pregnancy and the risk of child behavioural problems: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 64, pp. 6229. Smylie, J., Kirst, M., McShane, K., Firestone, M., Wolfe, S., OCampo, P. (2016). Understanding the Role of Indigenous Community Participation in Indigenous Prenatal and Infant Toddler Health Promotion Programs in Canada: A Realist Review. Social Science Medicine. 150, pp. 128-143. Tooth, L., Ware, R., Bain, C., Purdie, D.M., Dobson, A. (2005). Quality of Reporting of Observational Longitudinal Research. American Journal of Epidemiology. 161(3), 280-288. Vos, T., Barker, B., Begg. S., et al. (2009). Burden of disease and injury in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: the Indigenous health gap. International Journal of Epidemiology. 38, pp. 4707.